NR 507 Advanced Pathophysiology
Week 8 Final Exam | Questions 1-100
with Answers | Examplify Online
Proctored Assessment | NR 507
Advanced Pathophysiology
,
, SECTION 1: CELLULAR ADAPTATION, INJURY, AND DEATH
1. A patient with ischemic heart disease has developed hypoxic injury to
myocardial cells. Which cellular change is MOST likely to occur FIRST in these
cells?
A) Nuclear pyknosis and karyorrhexis
B) Decreased ATP production and sodium-potassium pump failure
C) Release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytoplasm
D) Calcium influx triggering apoptotic enzyme cascades
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hypoxic injury leads to decreased oxidative phosphorylation and ATP
production. ATP depletion causes failure of the Na⁺/K⁺ pump, resulting in cellular
swelling. This occurs before irreversible changes like nuclear pyknosis or calcium-
mediated apoptosis .
2. A patient with chronic GERD has developed Barrett esophagus. This is an
example of which cellular adaptation?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Metaplasia
C) Dysplasia
D) Atrophy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type
with another in response to chronic irritation. Barrett esophagus occurs when the
normal stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus is replaced by columnar
epithelium similar to that of the stomach or intestine .
Week 8 Final Exam | Questions 1-100
with Answers | Examplify Online
Proctored Assessment | NR 507
Advanced Pathophysiology
,
, SECTION 1: CELLULAR ADAPTATION, INJURY, AND DEATH
1. A patient with ischemic heart disease has developed hypoxic injury to
myocardial cells. Which cellular change is MOST likely to occur FIRST in these
cells?
A) Nuclear pyknosis and karyorrhexis
B) Decreased ATP production and sodium-potassium pump failure
C) Release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytoplasm
D) Calcium influx triggering apoptotic enzyme cascades
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hypoxic injury leads to decreased oxidative phosphorylation and ATP
production. ATP depletion causes failure of the Na⁺/K⁺ pump, resulting in cellular
swelling. This occurs before irreversible changes like nuclear pyknosis or calcium-
mediated apoptosis .
2. A patient with chronic GERD has developed Barrett esophagus. This is an
example of which cellular adaptation?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Metaplasia
C) Dysplasia
D) Atrophy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type
with another in response to chronic irritation. Barrett esophagus occurs when the
normal stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus is replaced by columnar
epithelium similar to that of the stomach or intestine .
