BIOL251 Human Anatomy & Physiology I
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Section 1: Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology (Levels of Organization,
Homeostasis)
1. The study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another is:
A. Physiology
B. Histology
C. Anatomy
D. Cytology
Rationale: Anatomy is the study of structure; Physiology is the study of function.
Histology is the study of tissues, and Cytology is the study of cells.
2. Which of the following represents the correct order of the levels of structural
organization in the human body, from simplest to most complex?
A. Organelle, cell, tissue, organism, organ system, organ
B. Chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
C. Tissue, organelle, cell, organ system, organism
D. Cell, chemical, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Rationale: The hierarchy begins with the chemical level (atoms/molecules), which forms
cells, the smallest units of life. Cells form tissues, which form organs, which work
together in organ systems to form the organism.
3. The heart is ______ to the sternum.
A. Anterior
B. Lateral
, C. Medial
D. Posterior
Rationale: The sternum (breastbone) is in the front of the chest. The heart lies deep to it,
so it is posterior (behind) to the sternum.
4. The elbow is ______ to the wrist.
A. Distal
B. Inferior
C. Proximal
D. Superficial
Rationale: Proximal means closer to the point of attachment or the trunk. The elbow is
closer to the shoulder (point of attachment) than the wrist is.
5. The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment despite continuous external
changes is called:
A. Metabolism
B. Homeostasis
C. Responsiveness
D. Excretion
Rationale: Homeostasis is the dynamic equilibrium of the internal environment.
Metabolism is all chemical reactions, responsiveness is the ability to sense and react,
and excretion is removing waste.
6. The plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves is the:
A. Frontal plane
B. Midsagittal plane
C. Parasagittal plane
D. Transverse plane
Rationale: A sagittal plane divides left and right. If it's exactly in the midline, it is a
midsagittal (median) plane. A parasagittal plane is off-center.
7. The abdominopelvic cavity contains which of the following organs?
A. Lungs and heart
B. Stomach, liver, and intestines
C. Brain and spinal cord
D. Kidneys and bladder
Rationale: The abdominopelvic cavity is divided into the superior abdominal (stomach,
liver, intestines) and inferior pelvic (bladder, reproductive organs) cavities. The thoracic
cavity contains the lungs and heart.
8. A cut along the transverse plane is also called a:
A. Cross section
B. Longitudinal section
C. Frontal section
D. Coronal section
, Rationale: A transverse (horizontal) cut results in a cross section (top and bottom parts).
Longitudinal is lengthwise, and frontal/coronal divides anterior from posterior.
Section 2: Basic Chemistry & Biochemistry
9. The subatomic particles that carry a negative charge and orbit the nucleus are:
A. Protons
B. Electrons
C. Neutrons
D. Ions
Rationale: Electrons are negatively charged and found in electron shells. Protons are
positive (in nucleus), neutrons are neutral (in nucleus).
10. An atom with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons is a(n):
A. Ion
B. Molecule
C. Isotope
D. Compound
Rationale: Isotopes are variants of an element with the same atomic number (# protons)
but different mass numbers (# protons + neutrons).
11. What type of chemical bond involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms?
A. Ionic bond
B. Hydrogen bond
C. Covalent bond
D. Peptide bond
Rationale: Covalent bonds involve sharing. Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons.
Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between polar molecules.
12. In a polar covalent bond, electrons are shared:
A. Equally between the two atoms
B. Unequally, creating a slight positive and negative charge
C. Completely transferred from one atom to another
D. Only between identical atoms
Rationale: Unequal sharing creates a dipole, as seen in water (H2O), where oxygen is
more electronegative.
13. The pH scale measures the concentration of:
A. Sodium ions (Na+)
B. Hydrogen ions (H+)
C. Oxygen (O2)
, D. Glucose
Rationale: pH is a measure of H+ concentration. A lower pH means more H+ (acidic).
14. A solution with a pH of 2 is:
A. Neutral
B. Strongly acidic
C. Weakly basic
D. Strongly basic
Rationale: The pH scale ranges from 0-14. 0-6 is acidic, 7 is neutral, 8-14 is basic. pH 2 is
highly acidic.
15. Which of the following is the most abundant inorganic compound in the body?
A. Glucose
B. Sodium chloride
C. Water
D. Protein
Rationale: Water makes up 50-60% of an adult's body weight, making it the most
abundant inorganic compound.
16. The process of dissolving a solute in a solvent to form a homogenous mixture is called:
A. Hydrolysis
B. Solution
C. Suspension
D. Colloid
Rationale: A solution is a homogeneous mixture. Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction.
Suspensions and colloids are heterogeneous.
17. A carbohydrate composed of many monosaccharides is called a:
A. Monosaccharide
B. Disaccharide
C. Polysaccharide
D. Oligosaccharide
Rationale: Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates (e.g., glycogen, starch).
Mono=one, Di=two, Oligo=few.
18. The function of glycogen in the human body is:
A. Energy storage in the liver and muscles
B. Structural support in cell walls
C. Genetic information storage
D. Hormone signaling
Rationale: Glycogen is the animal equivalent of starch, used for short-term energy
storage, primarily in the liver and skeletal muscle.
19. Lipids are hydrophobic, meaning they are:
A. Water-fearing
B. Water-loving
w/Lab | Latest Update 2026/2027 | 200
Questions and Verified Answers | Module
1 Exam Review | LockDown Browser
Ready
Section 1: Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology (Levels of Organization,
Homeostasis)
1. The study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another is:
A. Physiology
B. Histology
C. Anatomy
D. Cytology
Rationale: Anatomy is the study of structure; Physiology is the study of function.
Histology is the study of tissues, and Cytology is the study of cells.
2. Which of the following represents the correct order of the levels of structural
organization in the human body, from simplest to most complex?
A. Organelle, cell, tissue, organism, organ system, organ
B. Chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
C. Tissue, organelle, cell, organ system, organism
D. Cell, chemical, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Rationale: The hierarchy begins with the chemical level (atoms/molecules), which forms
cells, the smallest units of life. Cells form tissues, which form organs, which work
together in organ systems to form the organism.
3. The heart is ______ to the sternum.
A. Anterior
B. Lateral
, C. Medial
D. Posterior
Rationale: The sternum (breastbone) is in the front of the chest. The heart lies deep to it,
so it is posterior (behind) to the sternum.
4. The elbow is ______ to the wrist.
A. Distal
B. Inferior
C. Proximal
D. Superficial
Rationale: Proximal means closer to the point of attachment or the trunk. The elbow is
closer to the shoulder (point of attachment) than the wrist is.
5. The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment despite continuous external
changes is called:
A. Metabolism
B. Homeostasis
C. Responsiveness
D. Excretion
Rationale: Homeostasis is the dynamic equilibrium of the internal environment.
Metabolism is all chemical reactions, responsiveness is the ability to sense and react,
and excretion is removing waste.
6. The plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves is the:
A. Frontal plane
B. Midsagittal plane
C. Parasagittal plane
D. Transverse plane
Rationale: A sagittal plane divides left and right. If it's exactly in the midline, it is a
midsagittal (median) plane. A parasagittal plane is off-center.
7. The abdominopelvic cavity contains which of the following organs?
A. Lungs and heart
B. Stomach, liver, and intestines
C. Brain and spinal cord
D. Kidneys and bladder
Rationale: The abdominopelvic cavity is divided into the superior abdominal (stomach,
liver, intestines) and inferior pelvic (bladder, reproductive organs) cavities. The thoracic
cavity contains the lungs and heart.
8. A cut along the transverse plane is also called a:
A. Cross section
B. Longitudinal section
C. Frontal section
D. Coronal section
, Rationale: A transverse (horizontal) cut results in a cross section (top and bottom parts).
Longitudinal is lengthwise, and frontal/coronal divides anterior from posterior.
Section 2: Basic Chemistry & Biochemistry
9. The subatomic particles that carry a negative charge and orbit the nucleus are:
A. Protons
B. Electrons
C. Neutrons
D. Ions
Rationale: Electrons are negatively charged and found in electron shells. Protons are
positive (in nucleus), neutrons are neutral (in nucleus).
10. An atom with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons is a(n):
A. Ion
B. Molecule
C. Isotope
D. Compound
Rationale: Isotopes are variants of an element with the same atomic number (# protons)
but different mass numbers (# protons + neutrons).
11. What type of chemical bond involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms?
A. Ionic bond
B. Hydrogen bond
C. Covalent bond
D. Peptide bond
Rationale: Covalent bonds involve sharing. Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons.
Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between polar molecules.
12. In a polar covalent bond, electrons are shared:
A. Equally between the two atoms
B. Unequally, creating a slight positive and negative charge
C. Completely transferred from one atom to another
D. Only between identical atoms
Rationale: Unequal sharing creates a dipole, as seen in water (H2O), where oxygen is
more electronegative.
13. The pH scale measures the concentration of:
A. Sodium ions (Na+)
B. Hydrogen ions (H+)
C. Oxygen (O2)
, D. Glucose
Rationale: pH is a measure of H+ concentration. A lower pH means more H+ (acidic).
14. A solution with a pH of 2 is:
A. Neutral
B. Strongly acidic
C. Weakly basic
D. Strongly basic
Rationale: The pH scale ranges from 0-14. 0-6 is acidic, 7 is neutral, 8-14 is basic. pH 2 is
highly acidic.
15. Which of the following is the most abundant inorganic compound in the body?
A. Glucose
B. Sodium chloride
C. Water
D. Protein
Rationale: Water makes up 50-60% of an adult's body weight, making it the most
abundant inorganic compound.
16. The process of dissolving a solute in a solvent to form a homogenous mixture is called:
A. Hydrolysis
B. Solution
C. Suspension
D. Colloid
Rationale: A solution is a homogeneous mixture. Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction.
Suspensions and colloids are heterogeneous.
17. A carbohydrate composed of many monosaccharides is called a:
A. Monosaccharide
B. Disaccharide
C. Polysaccharide
D. Oligosaccharide
Rationale: Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates (e.g., glycogen, starch).
Mono=one, Di=two, Oligo=few.
18. The function of glycogen in the human body is:
A. Energy storage in the liver and muscles
B. Structural support in cell walls
C. Genetic information storage
D. Hormone signaling
Rationale: Glycogen is the animal equivalent of starch, used for short-term energy
storage, primarily in the liver and skeletal muscle.
19. Lipids are hydrophobic, meaning they are:
A. Water-fearing
B. Water-loving
