ENT 101 ACTUAL TEST PAPER COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FULL
SOLUTION
●● 6 characteristics of arthropods?
Answer: 1. Jointed Appendages
2. Segmented bodies
3. Exoskeleton
4. Bilateral symmetry
5. Ventral nerve cord
6. Dorsal Blood Vessel
●● Three axes of morphology?
Answer: DORSAL-VENTRAL AXIS which runs from the top to the
bottom of the animal, the ANTERIOR-POSTERIOR AXIS, which runs
from front to back, and the LATERAL AXIS, which runs from one side
to the other
●● What are the two main parts of the exoskeleton?
Answer: The cuticle and the epidermis.
●● What is the cuticle made out of and what are the main parts?
, Answer: Cuticle is made out of chitin, which is a carbohydrate mixed
with proteins that is secreted by the epidermis.
The three main layer are the epicuticle, exocuticle and endocuticle.
●● What is the epicuticle?
Answer: The wax and cement layer of the cuticle, used for
waterproofing and color; uppermost. Waxy layer prevents water loss and
pathogens from entering.
●● What is the exocuticle?
Answer: The sclerotized, protective, and supportive layer of the cuticle,
provides pigments.
●● What is the endocuticle?
Answer: The soft, pliable, and flexible where needed (joints) layer of the
endocuticle; deepest.
●● What is tanning?
Answer: Tanning is when proteins are cross linked within the chitin
matrix of the exocuticle (sclerotization). In some other arthropods,
tanning is achieved by different processes such as mineralization or
calcification, in which minerals are deposited into the organic tissues of
the exoskeleton. Exoskeletons become more opaque and darker as they
are tanned.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FULL
SOLUTION
●● 6 characteristics of arthropods?
Answer: 1. Jointed Appendages
2. Segmented bodies
3. Exoskeleton
4. Bilateral symmetry
5. Ventral nerve cord
6. Dorsal Blood Vessel
●● Three axes of morphology?
Answer: DORSAL-VENTRAL AXIS which runs from the top to the
bottom of the animal, the ANTERIOR-POSTERIOR AXIS, which runs
from front to back, and the LATERAL AXIS, which runs from one side
to the other
●● What are the two main parts of the exoskeleton?
Answer: The cuticle and the epidermis.
●● What is the cuticle made out of and what are the main parts?
, Answer: Cuticle is made out of chitin, which is a carbohydrate mixed
with proteins that is secreted by the epidermis.
The three main layer are the epicuticle, exocuticle and endocuticle.
●● What is the epicuticle?
Answer: The wax and cement layer of the cuticle, used for
waterproofing and color; uppermost. Waxy layer prevents water loss and
pathogens from entering.
●● What is the exocuticle?
Answer: The sclerotized, protective, and supportive layer of the cuticle,
provides pigments.
●● What is the endocuticle?
Answer: The soft, pliable, and flexible where needed (joints) layer of the
endocuticle; deepest.
●● What is tanning?
Answer: Tanning is when proteins are cross linked within the chitin
matrix of the exocuticle (sclerotization). In some other arthropods,
tanning is achieved by different processes such as mineralization or
calcification, in which minerals are deposited into the organic tissues of
the exoskeleton. Exoskeletons become more opaque and darker as they
are tanned.
