BIO 202 Exam 2 NEWEST 2026-2027 ACTUAL
EXAM COMPLETE 250 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) ALREADY GRADED A+ BRAND
NEW!!
Compare and contrast a primary and secondary immune response, making sure to talk about
immune memory. - CORRECT ANSWER: Hemoral immunity
The 1st time you see a pathogen, it takes a few weeks to produce antibodies for it
Picture on left - first time you see it - IgM levels go up first, not as good as IgG - takes longer but
more specific
Picture on right - second time see it - IgG levels spike really fast
Compare and contrast active immunity and passive immunity, making sure you understand the
difference between an antibody and an antigen! They are two different beasts! - CORRECT
ANSWER: Vaccinated - get crippled or dead or piece of foreign antigen - you start to make an
immune response
Little piece of chicken pox virus - it is a little piece or dead - you might get a little sick when
your body is learning to fight it off - you stimulate the humoral immune response
Class 2 MHC, CD4 helper T cell, B cell sees it, plasma cell, antibodies - you never got the
infection but introduced your cells to the virus
Passive - giving the antibodies without making the body make them
Only good for 1 time - after 6 weeks they are broken down
Your body doesn't know how to make them - Immunoglobulin = antibodies
When a kid is first born, the mother passes down antibodies to the breastfeeding baby
Compare and contrast diffusion and osmosis. Draw a couple of pictures if you need to! -
CORRECT ANSWER: Diffusion:
,Mixing of two or more substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration to distribute an equal amount throughout
Perfume in a room
Osmosis:
Diffusion of WATER through a selectively permeable membrane from a solution of low solute
concentration (high water potential) to a solution with high solute concentration (low water
potential)
Compare and contrast hypercapnia and hypocapnia. - CORRECT ANSWER: Hypercapnia
An increase in arterial PCO2
Hypoventilation (Abnormally low respiration rate) is a common cause of hypercapnia
Allows CO2 buildup in blood
Stimulates chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata to restore homeostasis
What happens to respiratory rate?
Hypocapnia
A decrease in arterial PCO2
Hyperventilation, results in abnormally low PCO2 (hypocapnia)
Stimulates chemoreceptors to decrease respiratory rate
If a person is amped up and freaked out and continues to hyperventilate, what happens?
Compare and contrast pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration. -
CORRECT ANSWER: Ventilation is moving air in and out of the lungs, the internal and external
respiration is the gas exchange occurring
External - O2 and CO2 into alveoli
Internal - O2 into tissue, CO2 out of tissue
,Compare and contrast the alternate and classical complement pathways. Make sure you include
the importance of activated C3b. - CORRECT ANSWER: Alternate pathway: Nonspecific
immunity
Classical pathway: Requires antibody; specific immunity
2 pathways -
Classical: 1 way you can generate C3b (the most important step in complement system)
Antigens on surface of microbe (antibodies are Y shaped and bind to surface on antigens)
Antibodies makes it possibly to attract C1, C2, C4, then C3 - know antibodies can get you to C3b
Anternative: happening right now
C3 is constantly spontaneously being split into C3a and C3b - if an antigen appears, you can
make C3 - don't need antibodies around in this pathway
Too much of complement proteins being activated can cause increased infalmmation
Any a with C# means inflammation
Compare and contrast the structures of the upper and the lower respiratory systems. - CORRECT
ANSWER: Upper Respiratory System:
Nose
Nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx
Lower Respiratory System:
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli of lungs
, Compare the roles of Type I vs. Type II Pneumocytes. - CORRECT ANSWER: Type I - majority,
simple squamous epithelium - one cell thick and flat - for air to leave, it only crosses through one
cell layer in alveoli and one layer in capillary - create the walls
Type II - make surfactant
Describe how antibodies ultimately neutralize pathogens. - CORRECT ANSWER: The point of
antibodies it to cause clumping of the pathogen - aglutegination
Can beind a webwork of the mobelized pathogens
Makes it easier for phagositic cells to eat up the mess
Lysis - coat in antibodies - causes cell to burst
Describe how HIV is transmitted and the tactics that can be used to suppress/slow down an HIV
infection from progressing to full blown AIDS - CORRECT ANSWER: Through blood, semen,
vaginal secretions, breast milk, or across the placenta
Most common means of transmission
Sexual intercourse (vaginal, anal, oral)
Contaminated blood products
Contaminated needles
Not transmitted by casual contact
Undamaged latex condom is an effective barrier to HIV, especially with spermicide nonoxynol-9
Prevent binding to CD4 proteins of TH cells
Disrupt reverse transcriptase, inhibit assembly of new viruses or their release from host cells
Medications
None can eliminate HIV, all have serious side-effects
HIV develops resistance, meds used in combination
AZT azidothymidine
First anti-HIV drug, inhibits reverse transcriptase
Protease inhibitors
EXAM COMPLETE 250 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) ALREADY GRADED A+ BRAND
NEW!!
Compare and contrast a primary and secondary immune response, making sure to talk about
immune memory. - CORRECT ANSWER: Hemoral immunity
The 1st time you see a pathogen, it takes a few weeks to produce antibodies for it
Picture on left - first time you see it - IgM levels go up first, not as good as IgG - takes longer but
more specific
Picture on right - second time see it - IgG levels spike really fast
Compare and contrast active immunity and passive immunity, making sure you understand the
difference between an antibody and an antigen! They are two different beasts! - CORRECT
ANSWER: Vaccinated - get crippled or dead or piece of foreign antigen - you start to make an
immune response
Little piece of chicken pox virus - it is a little piece or dead - you might get a little sick when
your body is learning to fight it off - you stimulate the humoral immune response
Class 2 MHC, CD4 helper T cell, B cell sees it, plasma cell, antibodies - you never got the
infection but introduced your cells to the virus
Passive - giving the antibodies without making the body make them
Only good for 1 time - after 6 weeks they are broken down
Your body doesn't know how to make them - Immunoglobulin = antibodies
When a kid is first born, the mother passes down antibodies to the breastfeeding baby
Compare and contrast diffusion and osmosis. Draw a couple of pictures if you need to! -
CORRECT ANSWER: Diffusion:
,Mixing of two or more substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration to distribute an equal amount throughout
Perfume in a room
Osmosis:
Diffusion of WATER through a selectively permeable membrane from a solution of low solute
concentration (high water potential) to a solution with high solute concentration (low water
potential)
Compare and contrast hypercapnia and hypocapnia. - CORRECT ANSWER: Hypercapnia
An increase in arterial PCO2
Hypoventilation (Abnormally low respiration rate) is a common cause of hypercapnia
Allows CO2 buildup in blood
Stimulates chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata to restore homeostasis
What happens to respiratory rate?
Hypocapnia
A decrease in arterial PCO2
Hyperventilation, results in abnormally low PCO2 (hypocapnia)
Stimulates chemoreceptors to decrease respiratory rate
If a person is amped up and freaked out and continues to hyperventilate, what happens?
Compare and contrast pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration. -
CORRECT ANSWER: Ventilation is moving air in and out of the lungs, the internal and external
respiration is the gas exchange occurring
External - O2 and CO2 into alveoli
Internal - O2 into tissue, CO2 out of tissue
,Compare and contrast the alternate and classical complement pathways. Make sure you include
the importance of activated C3b. - CORRECT ANSWER: Alternate pathway: Nonspecific
immunity
Classical pathway: Requires antibody; specific immunity
2 pathways -
Classical: 1 way you can generate C3b (the most important step in complement system)
Antigens on surface of microbe (antibodies are Y shaped and bind to surface on antigens)
Antibodies makes it possibly to attract C1, C2, C4, then C3 - know antibodies can get you to C3b
Anternative: happening right now
C3 is constantly spontaneously being split into C3a and C3b - if an antigen appears, you can
make C3 - don't need antibodies around in this pathway
Too much of complement proteins being activated can cause increased infalmmation
Any a with C# means inflammation
Compare and contrast the structures of the upper and the lower respiratory systems. - CORRECT
ANSWER: Upper Respiratory System:
Nose
Nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx
Lower Respiratory System:
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli of lungs
, Compare the roles of Type I vs. Type II Pneumocytes. - CORRECT ANSWER: Type I - majority,
simple squamous epithelium - one cell thick and flat - for air to leave, it only crosses through one
cell layer in alveoli and one layer in capillary - create the walls
Type II - make surfactant
Describe how antibodies ultimately neutralize pathogens. - CORRECT ANSWER: The point of
antibodies it to cause clumping of the pathogen - aglutegination
Can beind a webwork of the mobelized pathogens
Makes it easier for phagositic cells to eat up the mess
Lysis - coat in antibodies - causes cell to burst
Describe how HIV is transmitted and the tactics that can be used to suppress/slow down an HIV
infection from progressing to full blown AIDS - CORRECT ANSWER: Through blood, semen,
vaginal secretions, breast milk, or across the placenta
Most common means of transmission
Sexual intercourse (vaginal, anal, oral)
Contaminated blood products
Contaminated needles
Not transmitted by casual contact
Undamaged latex condom is an effective barrier to HIV, especially with spermicide nonoxynol-9
Prevent binding to CD4 proteins of TH cells
Disrupt reverse transcriptase, inhibit assembly of new viruses or their release from host cells
Medications
None can eliminate HIV, all have serious side-effects
HIV develops resistance, meds used in combination
AZT azidothymidine
First anti-HIV drug, inhibits reverse transcriptase
Protease inhibitors
