NURS 5315 EXAM 1 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS | 100% VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS |QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
2026 LATEST UPDATE!! NURS 5315: ADV PATHO
EXAM 1
Atrophy
E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation.
Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism of intracellular
organelles, reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure,
use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous
stimulation)
Hyperplasia
E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division) must occur, size of cell
does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or
partial resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased
hormonal stimulation (endometrial). increase of production of local
growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes.
uterine or mammary gland enlargement during pregnancy
Dysplasia
E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in size, shape,
organization (classified as mild, moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell
,growth. aka atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap
smear, breast cancer development; pap smears often show dysplastic
cells of the cervix that must undergo laser/surgical tx
Metaplasia
E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors,
injury, or irritation; Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a
reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of cytokines and growth
factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or
normal ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by
stratified squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal
squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux,
aka intestinal metaplasia
Hypoxia injury
E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP
increases anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
Free radical and ROS
E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm the mitochondria-
exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease,
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Ethanol
E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4,
,inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver
failure irreversible
Oncosis
Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in weight,
becomes distended and pale. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia,
certain infections
Fatty Infiltration
intracellular accumulation of lipids in the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can
lead to cirrhosis
dystrophic calcification
accumulation of Ca in dead or dying tissues
calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and
function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic
pancreatitis
metastatic calcification
accumulation of Ca in normal tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic
levels of Vit D. Can also r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
urate accumulation
sodium urate crystals are deposited in tissues- group of disorders
collectively called gout- acute arthritis, chronic gouty arthritis, tophus,
nephritis
Coagulative Necrosis
kidneys, heart, adrenals- secondary to hypoxia
Liquefactive Necrosis
nerve cells- brain- accumulation of pus
, Caseous Necrosis
lung disease- usually TB- tissue looks like clumped cheese
Fat Necrosis
breast, pancreas, abdominal structures- creates soaps
Gangrenous Necrosis
Dry- dark shriveled skin
Wet- internal organs- can lead to death
Gas- from clostridium- antitoxins and hyperbaric therapy
Gout
E. disturbances in serum urate levels. uncommon for < 30 years old.
P. uric acid is deposited in the tissues of kidney, heart, earlobes, and
joints.
C.M. inflammation, painful joints. result of diuretic use or diet high in
cream sauces, red wine, or red meat
Rhabdomyolysis
E. cell hypoxia caused by severe muscle trauma, hyperthermia, crush
injuries, or severe dehydration
P. hypoxia to cell causes failure of the Na-K pump, causing accumulation
of intracellular sodium, oncosis, and eventual cell death. Cell death
releases enzymes such as CK, uric acid, LDH, AST, etc.
C.M. Causes: trauma, hyperthermia, crush injuries, severe dehydration;
s/s: CK is 5x upper normal limit, muscle pain, weakness, dark, reddish-
brown urine, hypercalcemia, renal failure
Alpha Fetoprotein Origin
Liver and germ cell tumors
Carcinoembryonic Antigen
GI, pancreas, lung, breast tumors
Prostate Specific Antigen
EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS | 100% VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS |QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
2026 LATEST UPDATE!! NURS 5315: ADV PATHO
EXAM 1
Atrophy
E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation.
Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism of intracellular
organelles, reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure,
use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous
stimulation)
Hyperplasia
E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division) must occur, size of cell
does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or
partial resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased
hormonal stimulation (endometrial). increase of production of local
growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes.
uterine or mammary gland enlargement during pregnancy
Dysplasia
E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in size, shape,
organization (classified as mild, moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell
,growth. aka atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap
smear, breast cancer development; pap smears often show dysplastic
cells of the cervix that must undergo laser/surgical tx
Metaplasia
E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors,
injury, or irritation; Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a
reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of cytokines and growth
factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or
normal ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by
stratified squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal
squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux,
aka intestinal metaplasia
Hypoxia injury
E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP
increases anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
Free radical and ROS
E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm the mitochondria-
exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease,
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Ethanol
E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4,
,inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver
failure irreversible
Oncosis
Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in weight,
becomes distended and pale. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia,
certain infections
Fatty Infiltration
intracellular accumulation of lipids in the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can
lead to cirrhosis
dystrophic calcification
accumulation of Ca in dead or dying tissues
calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and
function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic
pancreatitis
metastatic calcification
accumulation of Ca in normal tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic
levels of Vit D. Can also r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
urate accumulation
sodium urate crystals are deposited in tissues- group of disorders
collectively called gout- acute arthritis, chronic gouty arthritis, tophus,
nephritis
Coagulative Necrosis
kidneys, heart, adrenals- secondary to hypoxia
Liquefactive Necrosis
nerve cells- brain- accumulation of pus
, Caseous Necrosis
lung disease- usually TB- tissue looks like clumped cheese
Fat Necrosis
breast, pancreas, abdominal structures- creates soaps
Gangrenous Necrosis
Dry- dark shriveled skin
Wet- internal organs- can lead to death
Gas- from clostridium- antitoxins and hyperbaric therapy
Gout
E. disturbances in serum urate levels. uncommon for < 30 years old.
P. uric acid is deposited in the tissues of kidney, heart, earlobes, and
joints.
C.M. inflammation, painful joints. result of diuretic use or diet high in
cream sauces, red wine, or red meat
Rhabdomyolysis
E. cell hypoxia caused by severe muscle trauma, hyperthermia, crush
injuries, or severe dehydration
P. hypoxia to cell causes failure of the Na-K pump, causing accumulation
of intracellular sodium, oncosis, and eventual cell death. Cell death
releases enzymes such as CK, uric acid, LDH, AST, etc.
C.M. Causes: trauma, hyperthermia, crush injuries, severe dehydration;
s/s: CK is 5x upper normal limit, muscle pain, weakness, dark, reddish-
brown urine, hypercalcemia, renal failure
Alpha Fetoprotein Origin
Liver and germ cell tumors
Carcinoembryonic Antigen
GI, pancreas, lung, breast tumors
Prostate Specific Antigen
