BIOL 133 FINAL EXAM | COMPREHENSIVE BIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE, PRACTICE
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 2026/2027
the process of change in allele frequencies that occurs entirely from chance (changes in gene
frequencies that occur when small groups of individuals are reproductively separated from a larger
population) - correct answer ✔✔genetic drift
What are the steps of the scientific method? - correct answer ✔✔1. Ask a Question / Observation
2. Do Background Research
3. Construct a Hypothesis
4. Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment
5. Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion
6. Report Your Results
judging the rightness or wrongness of an act by characteristics of act itself - apart from its consequences
(ex. "thou shalt not kill".. so euthanasia and abortion simply are not allowed) - correct answer
✔✔Deontological System
Judging the rightness or wrongness of an act on the basis of its consequences
(ex. the choice that yields the greatest benefit to the most people is the choice that is ethically correct -
euthanasia and abortion are permitted under some guidelines) - correct answer ✔✔Utilitarian System
the expression of a gene (ex. blue eyes, brown fur, striped fruit, yellow flowers, etc) - correct answer
✔✔phenotype
the genetic constitution of an individual organism - correct answer ✔✔genotype
allele that expresses itself when present in just one copy - correct answer ✔✔dominant allele
allele that is not expressed in the presence of the dominant allele - correct answer ✔✔Recessive allele
a condition in which two alleles for a trait are the same - correct answer ✔✔Homozygous
a condition in which two alleles for a trait are different from each other - correct answer
✔✔Heterozygous
contain two complete sets of genetic information; chromosomes exist as homologous pairs - correct
answer ✔✔Diploid Cells
contain one complete set of genetic information (egg and sperm) - correct answer ✔✔Haploid Cells
two chromosomes, one of paternal origin, the other of maternal origin, that contain the same gene
sequence and pair with each other and undergo crossing over during meiosis - correct answer
✔✔Homologous Chromosomes
chart of 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans; size order display - correct answer ✔✔Karyotype
, the 23rd pair of chromosomes in humans - correct answer ✔✔sex chromosomes
during this stage of meiosis, chromosomes shorten and thick, the nuclear membrane breaks down,
homologous chromosomes align closely and synapse and undergo crossing-over - correct answer
✔✔Prophase 1
When do chromosomes undergo crossing over? - correct answer ✔✔Prophase 1 of Meiosis 1
when the locus for a gene for a particular trait or disease lies on the X chromosome, the disease is said
to be _________? - correct answer ✔✔X-linked
When the locus for a gene for a particular trait or disease lies on the Y chromosome, the disease is said
to be ______? - correct answer ✔✔Y-linked
When the locus for a gene for a particular trait or disease lies on the sex chromosomes? - correct answer
✔✔Sex linked genetic traits (x-linked; y-linked)
molecule that encodes the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known
living organisms and many viruses - correct answer ✔✔Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
What molecule guides the cell (along RNA) in making new proteins that determine our biological traits? -
correct answer ✔✔DNA
DNA is a what? - correct answer ✔✔Polymer
What does each nucleotide of DNA consist of? - correct answer ✔✔5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), a
nitrogen containing base, and a phosphate group
What are the purine (double ringed structures) nitrogen bases? - correct answer ✔✔Adenine and
Guanine
What are the pyrimidine (single-ringed structures) nitrogen bases? - correct answer ✔✔Cytosine and
Thymine
What does adenine pair with? - correct answer ✔✔Thymine
What does cytosine pair with? - correct answer ✔✔Guanine
Enzyme binds to a DNA strand at the beginning of a gene. Then the enzyme unwinds a portion of the
double helix, separating the strands locally. RNA nucleotides pair one at a time with the complementary
nucleotide on one DNA strand. Then other enzymes join the new RNA nucleotides to form a continuous
RNA strand, complementary to the DNA strands. Then the RNA molecule separates and the DNA strands
pair once more. - correct answer ✔✔This is transcription?
Three successive nitrogenous bases on the DNA molecule from a coding unit - correct answer ✔✔the
Code
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 2026/2027
the process of change in allele frequencies that occurs entirely from chance (changes in gene
frequencies that occur when small groups of individuals are reproductively separated from a larger
population) - correct answer ✔✔genetic drift
What are the steps of the scientific method? - correct answer ✔✔1. Ask a Question / Observation
2. Do Background Research
3. Construct a Hypothesis
4. Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment
5. Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion
6. Report Your Results
judging the rightness or wrongness of an act by characteristics of act itself - apart from its consequences
(ex. "thou shalt not kill".. so euthanasia and abortion simply are not allowed) - correct answer
✔✔Deontological System
Judging the rightness or wrongness of an act on the basis of its consequences
(ex. the choice that yields the greatest benefit to the most people is the choice that is ethically correct -
euthanasia and abortion are permitted under some guidelines) - correct answer ✔✔Utilitarian System
the expression of a gene (ex. blue eyes, brown fur, striped fruit, yellow flowers, etc) - correct answer
✔✔phenotype
the genetic constitution of an individual organism - correct answer ✔✔genotype
allele that expresses itself when present in just one copy - correct answer ✔✔dominant allele
allele that is not expressed in the presence of the dominant allele - correct answer ✔✔Recessive allele
a condition in which two alleles for a trait are the same - correct answer ✔✔Homozygous
a condition in which two alleles for a trait are different from each other - correct answer
✔✔Heterozygous
contain two complete sets of genetic information; chromosomes exist as homologous pairs - correct
answer ✔✔Diploid Cells
contain one complete set of genetic information (egg and sperm) - correct answer ✔✔Haploid Cells
two chromosomes, one of paternal origin, the other of maternal origin, that contain the same gene
sequence and pair with each other and undergo crossing over during meiosis - correct answer
✔✔Homologous Chromosomes
chart of 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans; size order display - correct answer ✔✔Karyotype
, the 23rd pair of chromosomes in humans - correct answer ✔✔sex chromosomes
during this stage of meiosis, chromosomes shorten and thick, the nuclear membrane breaks down,
homologous chromosomes align closely and synapse and undergo crossing-over - correct answer
✔✔Prophase 1
When do chromosomes undergo crossing over? - correct answer ✔✔Prophase 1 of Meiosis 1
when the locus for a gene for a particular trait or disease lies on the X chromosome, the disease is said
to be _________? - correct answer ✔✔X-linked
When the locus for a gene for a particular trait or disease lies on the Y chromosome, the disease is said
to be ______? - correct answer ✔✔Y-linked
When the locus for a gene for a particular trait or disease lies on the sex chromosomes? - correct answer
✔✔Sex linked genetic traits (x-linked; y-linked)
molecule that encodes the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known
living organisms and many viruses - correct answer ✔✔Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
What molecule guides the cell (along RNA) in making new proteins that determine our biological traits? -
correct answer ✔✔DNA
DNA is a what? - correct answer ✔✔Polymer
What does each nucleotide of DNA consist of? - correct answer ✔✔5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), a
nitrogen containing base, and a phosphate group
What are the purine (double ringed structures) nitrogen bases? - correct answer ✔✔Adenine and
Guanine
What are the pyrimidine (single-ringed structures) nitrogen bases? - correct answer ✔✔Cytosine and
Thymine
What does adenine pair with? - correct answer ✔✔Thymine
What does cytosine pair with? - correct answer ✔✔Guanine
Enzyme binds to a DNA strand at the beginning of a gene. Then the enzyme unwinds a portion of the
double helix, separating the strands locally. RNA nucleotides pair one at a time with the complementary
nucleotide on one DNA strand. Then other enzymes join the new RNA nucleotides to form a continuous
RNA strand, complementary to the DNA strands. Then the RNA molecule separates and the DNA strands
pair once more. - correct answer ✔✔This is transcription?
Three successive nitrogenous bases on the DNA molecule from a coding unit - correct answer ✔✔the
Code
