BIO 1330 EXAM 1 | COMPREHENSIVE BIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE,
PRACTICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 2026/2027
Living things - correct answer ✔✔1. use energy
2. made up of one or more cells
3. carry and process information
4. reproduce
5. have the ability to evolve
biology - correct answer ✔✔the study of living things
Theory - correct answer ✔✔a generalized phenomenon, widely tested and proven correct at all times;
may be proven wrong later
Cell theory and theory of evolution by natural selection - correct answer ✔✔two theories that biology
developed on
The Cell Theory - correct answer ✔✔Robert Hooke; all living things are made of cells; cells reproduce
Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection - correct answer ✔✔characteristics of populations change over
time; individuals with certain heritable traits reproduce better than others
Nucleotides - correct answer ✔✔a monomer that can be polymerized to form DNA or RNA
Polymer - correct answer ✔✔a long molecule composed of monomers bonded together.
Ex: Carbohydrates, proteins, and DNA
Protein - correct answer ✔✔large polypeptide composed of amino acids
Amino Acids - correct answer ✔✔20 different building blocks of a protein; all have a Carbon atom
bonded to an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a Hydrogen
Condensation Reaction - correct answer ✔✔chemical reaction in which two molecules bond by removal
of a hydroxyl (OH) group from one subunit and a hydrogen group from another
Polypeptide - correct answer ✔✔peptide of three or more amino acids linked together
Hydrolysis - correct answer ✔✔chemical reaction in which a compound is broken down by reacting with
water; mostly polymers breaking down to monomers
Enzyme - correct answer ✔✔any molecule, usually a protein, that can catalyze a chemical reaction
DNA - correct answer ✔✔double-stranded, double helical molecule of deoxyribonucleotides that
contains genetic information; contains deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and one of four bases: adenine,
thymine, guanine, or cytosine
, RNA - correct answer ✔✔usually single-stranded polymer consisting of ribonucleotides; may be rRNA,
tRNA, or mRNA; bases: uracil, guanine, cytosine, and adenine
rRNA - correct answer ✔✔structural component of ribosomes
tRNA - correct answer ✔✔transporter of amino acids
mRNA - correct answer ✔✔translator of the message of the DNA code
Pyrimidine - correct answer ✔✔nitrogenous base that has a six-member ring of carbon and nitrogen
atoms; cytosine, thymine, and uracil
Purine - correct answer ✔✔nitrogenous base composed of two rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms
joined together; adenine and guanine
Phosphodiester bond - correct answer ✔✔bond formed in a polymerization reaction between the
phosphate group of one nucleotide and the hydroxyl group on the sugar component of another
Sugar-phosphate linkage - correct answer ✔✔What linkage forms the backbone of a nucleic acid?
Chitin Peptidoglycan - correct answer ✔✔polysaccharide found only in bacteria; contains a modified
monosaccharide
Carbohydrate - correct answer ✔✔any of various neutral compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen;
(sugar, starch, cellulose); include monosaccharides and polysaccharides
Monosaccharide - correct answer ✔✔single-sugar monomer; small carb; cannot be hydrolyzed to form
any smaller carbs
ex: glucose, galactose, ribose
Polysaccharide - correct answer ✔✔large carb polymer consisting of many monosaccharides linked
together
ex: starch, cellulose, glycogen
Pentose - correct answer ✔✔five-carbon monosaccharide
Hexose - correct answer ✔✔six-carbon monosaccharide
Glycosidic Linkage - correct answer ✔✔covalent bond that results when a condensation reaction occurs
between two hydroxyl groups in monosaccharides that polymerize to form a polysaccharide
Starch - correct answer ✔✔any of several polysaccharides used primarily for food storage in plants;
consists of the alpha form of glucose attaches end-to-end to form helices
PRACTICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 2026/2027
Living things - correct answer ✔✔1. use energy
2. made up of one or more cells
3. carry and process information
4. reproduce
5. have the ability to evolve
biology - correct answer ✔✔the study of living things
Theory - correct answer ✔✔a generalized phenomenon, widely tested and proven correct at all times;
may be proven wrong later
Cell theory and theory of evolution by natural selection - correct answer ✔✔two theories that biology
developed on
The Cell Theory - correct answer ✔✔Robert Hooke; all living things are made of cells; cells reproduce
Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection - correct answer ✔✔characteristics of populations change over
time; individuals with certain heritable traits reproduce better than others
Nucleotides - correct answer ✔✔a monomer that can be polymerized to form DNA or RNA
Polymer - correct answer ✔✔a long molecule composed of monomers bonded together.
Ex: Carbohydrates, proteins, and DNA
Protein - correct answer ✔✔large polypeptide composed of amino acids
Amino Acids - correct answer ✔✔20 different building blocks of a protein; all have a Carbon atom
bonded to an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a Hydrogen
Condensation Reaction - correct answer ✔✔chemical reaction in which two molecules bond by removal
of a hydroxyl (OH) group from one subunit and a hydrogen group from another
Polypeptide - correct answer ✔✔peptide of three or more amino acids linked together
Hydrolysis - correct answer ✔✔chemical reaction in which a compound is broken down by reacting with
water; mostly polymers breaking down to monomers
Enzyme - correct answer ✔✔any molecule, usually a protein, that can catalyze a chemical reaction
DNA - correct answer ✔✔double-stranded, double helical molecule of deoxyribonucleotides that
contains genetic information; contains deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and one of four bases: adenine,
thymine, guanine, or cytosine
, RNA - correct answer ✔✔usually single-stranded polymer consisting of ribonucleotides; may be rRNA,
tRNA, or mRNA; bases: uracil, guanine, cytosine, and adenine
rRNA - correct answer ✔✔structural component of ribosomes
tRNA - correct answer ✔✔transporter of amino acids
mRNA - correct answer ✔✔translator of the message of the DNA code
Pyrimidine - correct answer ✔✔nitrogenous base that has a six-member ring of carbon and nitrogen
atoms; cytosine, thymine, and uracil
Purine - correct answer ✔✔nitrogenous base composed of two rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms
joined together; adenine and guanine
Phosphodiester bond - correct answer ✔✔bond formed in a polymerization reaction between the
phosphate group of one nucleotide and the hydroxyl group on the sugar component of another
Sugar-phosphate linkage - correct answer ✔✔What linkage forms the backbone of a nucleic acid?
Chitin Peptidoglycan - correct answer ✔✔polysaccharide found only in bacteria; contains a modified
monosaccharide
Carbohydrate - correct answer ✔✔any of various neutral compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen;
(sugar, starch, cellulose); include monosaccharides and polysaccharides
Monosaccharide - correct answer ✔✔single-sugar monomer; small carb; cannot be hydrolyzed to form
any smaller carbs
ex: glucose, galactose, ribose
Polysaccharide - correct answer ✔✔large carb polymer consisting of many monosaccharides linked
together
ex: starch, cellulose, glycogen
Pentose - correct answer ✔✔five-carbon monosaccharide
Hexose - correct answer ✔✔six-carbon monosaccharide
Glycosidic Linkage - correct answer ✔✔covalent bond that results when a condensation reaction occurs
between two hydroxyl groups in monosaccharides that polymerize to form a polysaccharide
Starch - correct answer ✔✔any of several polysaccharides used primarily for food storage in plants;
consists of the alpha form of glucose attaches end-to-end to form helices
