Answers
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1. What oncologic syndrome can be caused by interleukins and
monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) and may result in pulmonary edema?
• Answer: Capillary leak syndrome
• Rationale: Interleukins and monoclonal antibodies can trigger a systemic
inflammatory response. This response increases capillary permeability, causing fluid
and proteins to leak from the vascular space into the surrounding interstitial tissues.
When this occurs in the lungs, it leads to fluid accumulation in the alveoli, resulting in
pulmonary edema and compromised gas exchange.
2. What are nursing interventions for patients experiencing side
effects of immunotherapy treatment?
• Answer: Acetaminophen every 4 hours, meperidine (Demerol) to control severe
chills, monitoring adequate oral intake, assisting with Activities of Daily Living
(ADLs), and planning periods of rest.
• Rationale: Immunotherapy often causes flu-like symptoms due to systemic cytokine
release. Acetaminophen manages fever and myalgia, while meperidine specifically
targets severe rigors (chills). Because fatigue and weakness are profound, nurses must
conserve patient energy by assisting with ADLs, scheduling rest, and maintaining
hydration to combat fluid losses from fevers.
3. What is cancer cachexia?
• Answer: Generalized tissue wasting, muscle atrophy, immune dysfunction, and
metabolic abnormalities.
• Rationale: Cachexia is a complex metabolic syndrome driven by tumor-induced
inflammation and cytokine release (such as TNF-alpha). Unlike simple starvation, it
accelerates the breakdown of skeletal muscle and fat tissue that cannot be reversed by
nutritional supplementation alone, severely weakening the patient's immune system
and functional status.