NR 507 Pathophysiology
NR 507 Pathophysiology
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8q19xz
1. Oxygen trans- Air is inhaled through the process of ventilation (mechanical movement of gas or
portation step 1 air into or out of the lungs)
2. Oxygen trans- oxygen diffused from the alveoli into pulmonary capillaries, moving oxygen from
portation step 2 the pulmonary veins to the left side of the heart to the aorta into systemic arterial
circulation
3. Oxygen trans- Perfusion (exchange of O2 and CO2 in the blood stream, which occurs via the
portation step 3 alveoli and pulm capillaries) of the systemic capillaries with oxygenated blood
4. Oxygen trans- oxygen is diffused from the systemic capillaries to each and every cell
portation step 4
5. Gas CO2 trans- Diffusion of blood (deoxygenated) from cells into systemic capillaries
port step 1
6. Gas CO2 trans- Perfusion of the systemic capillaries with deoxygenated blood through the venous
port step 2 circulation, to the vena cava into the right side of the heart, to the pulmonary
arteries (ART carry deoxygenated blood)
7. Gas CO2 trans- Diffusion of the CO2 from pulmonary arteries into alveoli through pulmonary
port step 3 capillaries
8. Gas CO2 trans- Exhalation of air by ventilation of lungs from removal of CO2
port step 4
9. What are bron- smallest of the conducting airways, branch out from the alveoli and connect to the
chioles? alveoli
10. What are the Epithelial layer (inner layer) mucous containing goblet cells, and ciliated cells.
three layers of Connective tissue (middle layer) lamina propia- cartilage and WBC's
the bronchioles? Smooth muscle layer (outer layer) outer layer to constrict and dilate
11.
1
, NR 507 Pathophysiology
NR 507 Pathophysiology
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8q19xz
What are the The autonomic nervous system
bronchioles con- Parasympathetic stimulation- mediated via vagus nerve--- release neurotransmit-
trolled by? ter acetylcholine binds to cholinergic receptors-- leading to bronchial constriction
(decreased air flow). Dominates to limit exposure to external substances
Sympathetic stimulation- stimulation of neurotransmitter epinephrine-- binds to
beta 2- adrenergic receptors-- leading to bronchial dilation
12. What is asthma? chronic inflammatory disorder of the bronchial mucosa caused by bronchial
hyper-responsiveness, construction of airways, and variable airflow obstruction
that is reversible.
13. Asthma signs Those are asymptomatic between attacks. Beginning of attacks--chest constric-
and symptoms tion, expiratory wheezing, dyspnea, nonproductive coughing, prolonged expira-
tion, tachypnea, and tachycardia
Severe attacks-- use of accessory muscles of respiration, wheezing during both
inspiration/expiration, pulsus paradoxus- decrease in SBP during inspiration
14. Anti-cholingeric Tiotropium and Ipratropium- these drugs block acetylcholine binding--- leading
drugs for asthma to bronchodilation through decrease in the parasympathetic response
15. What caus- acute causes- infection or inflammation
es bronchitis chronic causes- usually caused by viruses with a nonproductive cough
and associated
pathogenesis?
16. Chronic bronchi- Inflammation of the bronchi persisting over a long time. Productive cough that
tis continues for at least three months for a year for 2 years consecutive years.
Enhanced chronic inflammatory response in the airways to noxious particles or
gases.
Inspired irritants-- bronchial inflammation-- bronchial edema increase in mucous
glands and goblet ells in airway, smooth muscle hypertrophy with fibrosis, nar-
rowing of airways
Hypersecretion of thick muscus and cannot be cleared due to impaired ciliary
2
, NR 507 Pathophysiology
NR 507 Pathophysiology
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8q19xz
function-- increasing susceptibility to infection contributing to airway injury and
ineffective repair.
Initially only affects larger bronchi-- eventually all airways involved
17. Chronic bronchi- narrowed airway--obstruction-- ventilation-perfusion mismatch with hypoxemia
tis and acid/base Hypercapnia develops as air trapping worsens and the work of breathing increase
disturbances Reduced tidal volumes-hypoventilation-- respiratory acidosis
18. Polycythemia chronic neoplastic, nonmalignant condition that is characterized by overproduc-
vera tion of red blood cells (often with an increase levels of WBC and platelets) and
splenomegaly
19. chronic bronchi- polycythemia and cyanosis
tis (marked hy-
poxemia) leads
to ...
20. what is an essen- Erythrocytosis; clonal proliferation of erythoid progenitors occurs in the bone
tial component marrow independent of erythropoietin, even though the cells express a normal
of polycythemia erythropoietin receptor
vera
21. alveolar hyperin- airway obstruction increases airflow resistance and decreases flow rate---
flation with asth- impaired expiration causes air trapping, hyperinflation distal to obstruction and
ma increased work of breathing--
continued air trapping increase intrapleural pressure and alveolar gas pressures--
decreased alveolar perfusion--
hyperventilation is triggered in response to increased lung volume and obstruc-
tion (early hypoxemia without Co2 retention and respiratory alkalosis)--
With progressive obstruction of expiratory airflow, airflow trapping more air lead-
ing to lungs and thorax hyperexanded, decrease respiratory muscles resulting
in a decrease tidal volume and increase in CO2 retention-- causing respiratory
acidosis
3
NR 507 Pathophysiology
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8q19xz
1. Oxygen trans- Air is inhaled through the process of ventilation (mechanical movement of gas or
portation step 1 air into or out of the lungs)
2. Oxygen trans- oxygen diffused from the alveoli into pulmonary capillaries, moving oxygen from
portation step 2 the pulmonary veins to the left side of the heart to the aorta into systemic arterial
circulation
3. Oxygen trans- Perfusion (exchange of O2 and CO2 in the blood stream, which occurs via the
portation step 3 alveoli and pulm capillaries) of the systemic capillaries with oxygenated blood
4. Oxygen trans- oxygen is diffused from the systemic capillaries to each and every cell
portation step 4
5. Gas CO2 trans- Diffusion of blood (deoxygenated) from cells into systemic capillaries
port step 1
6. Gas CO2 trans- Perfusion of the systemic capillaries with deoxygenated blood through the venous
port step 2 circulation, to the vena cava into the right side of the heart, to the pulmonary
arteries (ART carry deoxygenated blood)
7. Gas CO2 trans- Diffusion of the CO2 from pulmonary arteries into alveoli through pulmonary
port step 3 capillaries
8. Gas CO2 trans- Exhalation of air by ventilation of lungs from removal of CO2
port step 4
9. What are bron- smallest of the conducting airways, branch out from the alveoli and connect to the
chioles? alveoli
10. What are the Epithelial layer (inner layer) mucous containing goblet cells, and ciliated cells.
three layers of Connective tissue (middle layer) lamina propia- cartilage and WBC's
the bronchioles? Smooth muscle layer (outer layer) outer layer to constrict and dilate
11.
1
, NR 507 Pathophysiology
NR 507 Pathophysiology
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8q19xz
What are the The autonomic nervous system
bronchioles con- Parasympathetic stimulation- mediated via vagus nerve--- release neurotransmit-
trolled by? ter acetylcholine binds to cholinergic receptors-- leading to bronchial constriction
(decreased air flow). Dominates to limit exposure to external substances
Sympathetic stimulation- stimulation of neurotransmitter epinephrine-- binds to
beta 2- adrenergic receptors-- leading to bronchial dilation
12. What is asthma? chronic inflammatory disorder of the bronchial mucosa caused by bronchial
hyper-responsiveness, construction of airways, and variable airflow obstruction
that is reversible.
13. Asthma signs Those are asymptomatic between attacks. Beginning of attacks--chest constric-
and symptoms tion, expiratory wheezing, dyspnea, nonproductive coughing, prolonged expira-
tion, tachypnea, and tachycardia
Severe attacks-- use of accessory muscles of respiration, wheezing during both
inspiration/expiration, pulsus paradoxus- decrease in SBP during inspiration
14. Anti-cholingeric Tiotropium and Ipratropium- these drugs block acetylcholine binding--- leading
drugs for asthma to bronchodilation through decrease in the parasympathetic response
15. What caus- acute causes- infection or inflammation
es bronchitis chronic causes- usually caused by viruses with a nonproductive cough
and associated
pathogenesis?
16. Chronic bronchi- Inflammation of the bronchi persisting over a long time. Productive cough that
tis continues for at least three months for a year for 2 years consecutive years.
Enhanced chronic inflammatory response in the airways to noxious particles or
gases.
Inspired irritants-- bronchial inflammation-- bronchial edema increase in mucous
glands and goblet ells in airway, smooth muscle hypertrophy with fibrosis, nar-
rowing of airways
Hypersecretion of thick muscus and cannot be cleared due to impaired ciliary
2
, NR 507 Pathophysiology
NR 507 Pathophysiology
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8q19xz
function-- increasing susceptibility to infection contributing to airway injury and
ineffective repair.
Initially only affects larger bronchi-- eventually all airways involved
17. Chronic bronchi- narrowed airway--obstruction-- ventilation-perfusion mismatch with hypoxemia
tis and acid/base Hypercapnia develops as air trapping worsens and the work of breathing increase
disturbances Reduced tidal volumes-hypoventilation-- respiratory acidosis
18. Polycythemia chronic neoplastic, nonmalignant condition that is characterized by overproduc-
vera tion of red blood cells (often with an increase levels of WBC and platelets) and
splenomegaly
19. chronic bronchi- polycythemia and cyanosis
tis (marked hy-
poxemia) leads
to ...
20. what is an essen- Erythrocytosis; clonal proliferation of erythoid progenitors occurs in the bone
tial component marrow independent of erythropoietin, even though the cells express a normal
of polycythemia erythropoietin receptor
vera
21. alveolar hyperin- airway obstruction increases airflow resistance and decreases flow rate---
flation with asth- impaired expiration causes air trapping, hyperinflation distal to obstruction and
ma increased work of breathing--
continued air trapping increase intrapleural pressure and alveolar gas pressures--
decreased alveolar perfusion--
hyperventilation is triggered in response to increased lung volume and obstruc-
tion (early hypoxemia without Co2 retention and respiratory alkalosis)--
With progressive obstruction of expiratory airflow, airflow trapping more air lead-
ing to lungs and thorax hyperexanded, decrease respiratory muscles resulting
in a decrease tidal volume and increase in CO2 retention-- causing respiratory
acidosis
3
