Comprehensive Medical Conditions and Pathophysiology Review NR507
Comprehensive Medical Conditions and Pathophysiology Review NR507
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_jtlvxl
1. What is GERD? Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition where stomach contents
repeatedly flow backward into the esophagus.
2. What is the main Dysfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), which allows stomach con-
cause of GERD? tents to reflux into the esophagus.
3. What normally The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) normally acts as a barrier that prevents
prevents reflux? stomach contents from entering the esophagus.
4. What happens The LES may relax inappropriately or have decreased pressure, allowing gastric
when the LES acid and food to move back into the esophagus.
does not function
properly?
5. What other fac- Hiatal hernia, delayed gastric emptying, and impaired clearance of refluxed ma-
tors can con- terial from the esophagus.
tribute to GERD?
6. What causes the Repeated exposure of the esophageal lining to stomach acid and other gastric
symptoms of contents causes irritation and inflammation.
GERD?
7. What is the most Heartburn, described as a burning sensation behind the breastbone.
common symp-
tom of GERD?
8. What is regurgi- The sensation of stomach contents or acid coming back up into the throat or
tation? mouth.
9. What are com- Heartburn, regurgitation, chest discomfort, difficulty swallowing, nausea, and a
mon symptoms sensation of a lump in the throat.
of GERD?
10.
2026/08/25
, Comprehensive Medical Conditions and Pathophysiology Review NR507
Comprehensive Medical Conditions and Pathophysiology Review NR507
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_jtlvxl
What are extrae- Chronic cough, hoarseness, sore throat, and sometimes asthma-like respiratory
sophageal symp- symptoms.
toms of GERD?
11. When are GERD After large or fatty meals, when bending over, or when lying down after eating.
symptoms com-
monly worse?
12. What complica- Erosive esophagitis, esophageal strictures, Barrett's esophagus, and increased
tions can devel- risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma.
op from chronic
GERD?
13. What is the phar- PPIs: First-line for frequent or erosive GERD; examples include omeprazole,
macologic man- pantoprazole, and esomeprazole. H2-receptor antagonists: Famotidine can help
agement of with mild/intermittent symptoms or nighttime symptoms. Antacids: Provide rapid,
GERD? short-term symptom relief. Lifestyle changes are often used along with medica-
tion.
14. What are risk Chronic GERD is the major risk factor. Other risks include severe erosive esophagi-
factors for tis, prolonged acid exposure, caustic ingestion, radiation injury, and certain
esophageal stric- esophageal surgeries or procedures. Memory tip: Chronic inflammation ’scarring
ture? ’narrowing.
15. How is a hiatal Small/asymptomatic: Often no treatment is required. Symptoms: Lifestyle mod-
hernia treated? ifications, antacids, H2 blockers, or PPIs. Severe symptoms or complications:
Surgical repair, especially when refractory to medical therapy or associated with
significant complications.
16. What is Obstruction of the appendiceal lumen causes increased pressure, impaired blood
the pathophysi- flow, bacterial overgrowth, inflammation, and ischemia. If untreated, the appendix
ology of appen- can perforate and cause peritonitis or an abscess. Memory tip: Obstruction ’
dicitis? inflammation ’ischemia ’perforation.
2026/08/25
, Comprehensive Medical Conditions and Pathophysiology Review NR507
Comprehensive Medical Conditions and Pathophysiology Review NR507
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_jtlvxl
17. What are the Periumbilical pain that migrates to the right lower quadrant (RLQ), RLQ tender-
classic symptoms ness, anorexia, nausea/vomiting, low-grade fever, and possible constipation or
of appendicitis? diarrhea.
18. What laboratory Elevated WBC count, neutrophilia, elevated inflammatory markers such as CRP.
findings support Urinalysis may help rule out urinary causes. Important: Labs support the diagnosis
a diagnosis of ap- but do not confirm appendicitis by themselves. Imaging is often needed.
pendicitis?
19. What are risks Bleeding, infection, wound infection, abscess, injury to surrounding organs, anes-
associated with thesia complications, postoperative ileus, and bowel obstruction. A perforated
appendectomy in appendix increases the risk of complications.
adults?
20. What is PUD occurs when the protective mechanisms of the stomach or duodenal mucosa
the pathophysi- are overwhelmed by damaging factors such as H. pylori and gastric acid, resulting
ology of pep- in mucosal injury and ulcer formation.
tic ulcer disease
(PUD)?
21. What are major H. pylori infection, NSAID use, smoking, excessive alcohol use, previous history of
risk factors for ulcers, severe physiologic stress/critical illness.
PUD?
22. How do gastric Gastric Ulcer
and duodenal ul- Usually pain worsens with eating
cers differ? Pain may occur shortly after meals
May cause weight loss
Associated with H. pylori and NSAIDs
Duodenal Ulcer
Pain often improves with eating
Pain may occur 2-5 hours after meals
May cause weight gain or food intake to relieve pain
2026/08/25
, Comprehensive Medical Conditions and Pathophysiology Review NR507
Comprehensive Medical Conditions and Pathophysiology Review NR507
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_jtlvxl
Strongly associated with H. pylori
Memory tip: Gastric = Food hurts. Duodenal = Food helps.
23. What are com- H. pylori infection and NSAID use are the two major causes. Other contributors
mon causes of include smoking and excessive acid-related injury.
gastric ulcers?
24. What are signs Burning or gnawing epigastric pain that often occurs between meals or several
and symptoms of hours after eating and may improve after eating or taking an antacid. Nighttime
a duodenal ul- pain is also common.
cer?
25. What is UC is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease involving an abnormal immune
the pathophysi- response that causes continuous inflammation of the colonic mucosa, beginning
ology of ulcera- in the rectum and extending proximally. Memory tip: UC = Uniform/continuous +
tive colitis (UC)? Colon.
26. What are risk fac- Family history/genetic susceptibility, abnormal immune regulation, and environ-
tors for ulcera- mental factors. Smoking cessation can sometimes be associated with develop-
tive colitis? ment or worsening of UC.
27. What are com- Bloody diarrhea, urgency, frequent bowel movements, abdominal cramping,
mon symptoms tenesmus, rectal bleeding, fatigue, and weight loss during severe disease.
of ulcerative coli-
tis?
28. What is Crohn's is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease caused by an abnormal immune
the pathophysi- response involving genetic and environmental factors. It can affect anywhere from
ology of Crohn's the mouth to the anus and causes transmural inflammation. Memory tip: Crohn's
disease? = "Cracks" through the entire bowel wall.
29. What is the differ-
ence between
2026/08/25
Comprehensive Medical Conditions and Pathophysiology Review NR507
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_jtlvxl
1. What is GERD? Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition where stomach contents
repeatedly flow backward into the esophagus.
2. What is the main Dysfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), which allows stomach con-
cause of GERD? tents to reflux into the esophagus.
3. What normally The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) normally acts as a barrier that prevents
prevents reflux? stomach contents from entering the esophagus.
4. What happens The LES may relax inappropriately or have decreased pressure, allowing gastric
when the LES acid and food to move back into the esophagus.
does not function
properly?
5. What other fac- Hiatal hernia, delayed gastric emptying, and impaired clearance of refluxed ma-
tors can con- terial from the esophagus.
tribute to GERD?
6. What causes the Repeated exposure of the esophageal lining to stomach acid and other gastric
symptoms of contents causes irritation and inflammation.
GERD?
7. What is the most Heartburn, described as a burning sensation behind the breastbone.
common symp-
tom of GERD?
8. What is regurgi- The sensation of stomach contents or acid coming back up into the throat or
tation? mouth.
9. What are com- Heartburn, regurgitation, chest discomfort, difficulty swallowing, nausea, and a
mon symptoms sensation of a lump in the throat.
of GERD?
10.
2026/08/25
, Comprehensive Medical Conditions and Pathophysiology Review NR507
Comprehensive Medical Conditions and Pathophysiology Review NR507
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_jtlvxl
What are extrae- Chronic cough, hoarseness, sore throat, and sometimes asthma-like respiratory
sophageal symp- symptoms.
toms of GERD?
11. When are GERD After large or fatty meals, when bending over, or when lying down after eating.
symptoms com-
monly worse?
12. What complica- Erosive esophagitis, esophageal strictures, Barrett's esophagus, and increased
tions can devel- risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma.
op from chronic
GERD?
13. What is the phar- PPIs: First-line for frequent or erosive GERD; examples include omeprazole,
macologic man- pantoprazole, and esomeprazole. H2-receptor antagonists: Famotidine can help
agement of with mild/intermittent symptoms or nighttime symptoms. Antacids: Provide rapid,
GERD? short-term symptom relief. Lifestyle changes are often used along with medica-
tion.
14. What are risk Chronic GERD is the major risk factor. Other risks include severe erosive esophagi-
factors for tis, prolonged acid exposure, caustic ingestion, radiation injury, and certain
esophageal stric- esophageal surgeries or procedures. Memory tip: Chronic inflammation ’scarring
ture? ’narrowing.
15. How is a hiatal Small/asymptomatic: Often no treatment is required. Symptoms: Lifestyle mod-
hernia treated? ifications, antacids, H2 blockers, or PPIs. Severe symptoms or complications:
Surgical repair, especially when refractory to medical therapy or associated with
significant complications.
16. What is Obstruction of the appendiceal lumen causes increased pressure, impaired blood
the pathophysi- flow, bacterial overgrowth, inflammation, and ischemia. If untreated, the appendix
ology of appen- can perforate and cause peritonitis or an abscess. Memory tip: Obstruction ’
dicitis? inflammation ’ischemia ’perforation.
2026/08/25
, Comprehensive Medical Conditions and Pathophysiology Review NR507
Comprehensive Medical Conditions and Pathophysiology Review NR507
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_jtlvxl
17. What are the Periumbilical pain that migrates to the right lower quadrant (RLQ), RLQ tender-
classic symptoms ness, anorexia, nausea/vomiting, low-grade fever, and possible constipation or
of appendicitis? diarrhea.
18. What laboratory Elevated WBC count, neutrophilia, elevated inflammatory markers such as CRP.
findings support Urinalysis may help rule out urinary causes. Important: Labs support the diagnosis
a diagnosis of ap- but do not confirm appendicitis by themselves. Imaging is often needed.
pendicitis?
19. What are risks Bleeding, infection, wound infection, abscess, injury to surrounding organs, anes-
associated with thesia complications, postoperative ileus, and bowel obstruction. A perforated
appendectomy in appendix increases the risk of complications.
adults?
20. What is PUD occurs when the protective mechanisms of the stomach or duodenal mucosa
the pathophysi- are overwhelmed by damaging factors such as H. pylori and gastric acid, resulting
ology of pep- in mucosal injury and ulcer formation.
tic ulcer disease
(PUD)?
21. What are major H. pylori infection, NSAID use, smoking, excessive alcohol use, previous history of
risk factors for ulcers, severe physiologic stress/critical illness.
PUD?
22. How do gastric Gastric Ulcer
and duodenal ul- Usually pain worsens with eating
cers differ? Pain may occur shortly after meals
May cause weight loss
Associated with H. pylori and NSAIDs
Duodenal Ulcer
Pain often improves with eating
Pain may occur 2-5 hours after meals
May cause weight gain or food intake to relieve pain
2026/08/25
, Comprehensive Medical Conditions and Pathophysiology Review NR507
Comprehensive Medical Conditions and Pathophysiology Review NR507
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_jtlvxl
Strongly associated with H. pylori
Memory tip: Gastric = Food hurts. Duodenal = Food helps.
23. What are com- H. pylori infection and NSAID use are the two major causes. Other contributors
mon causes of include smoking and excessive acid-related injury.
gastric ulcers?
24. What are signs Burning or gnawing epigastric pain that often occurs between meals or several
and symptoms of hours after eating and may improve after eating or taking an antacid. Nighttime
a duodenal ul- pain is also common.
cer?
25. What is UC is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease involving an abnormal immune
the pathophysi- response that causes continuous inflammation of the colonic mucosa, beginning
ology of ulcera- in the rectum and extending proximally. Memory tip: UC = Uniform/continuous +
tive colitis (UC)? Colon.
26. What are risk fac- Family history/genetic susceptibility, abnormal immune regulation, and environ-
tors for ulcera- mental factors. Smoking cessation can sometimes be associated with develop-
tive colitis? ment or worsening of UC.
27. What are com- Bloody diarrhea, urgency, frequent bowel movements, abdominal cramping,
mon symptoms tenesmus, rectal bleeding, fatigue, and weight loss during severe disease.
of ulcerative coli-
tis?
28. What is Crohn's is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease caused by an abnormal immune
the pathophysi- response involving genetic and environmental factors. It can affect anywhere from
ology of Crohn's the mouth to the anus and causes transmural inflammation. Memory tip: Crohn's
disease? = "Cracks" through the entire bowel wall.
29. What is the differ-
ence between
2026/08/25
