NR507 Final
NR507 Final
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_4ooa0q
1. aleolar ventila- The volume of gas expired from alveoli to the outside of the body permanent
tion perfusion
2. pityriasis rosea A common skin problem that causes a rash. Occurs at any age that most often in
ages of 10 and 35. It may be caused by a virus
3. pityriasis rosea The rash often begins with a single, round or oval, pink patch that is scaly with
observation a raised border (herald patch). The size of the patch ranges from 2 cm (0.8 in.)
to 10 cm (3.9 in.). The larger patches are more common. Days to weeks later,
salmon-colored, 1 cm (0.4 in.) to 2 cm (0.8 in.) oval patches appear in batches on
the abdomen, chest, back, arms, and legs. Patches sometimes spread to the neck
but rarely to the face.
Patches on the back are often vertical and angled to form a "Christmas tree" or
"fir tree" appearance.
Mild itching is a problem for about half of the people who get the rash.
The rash usually lasts 6 to 8 weeks, but it can last up to several months.
4. pityriasis rosea Your doctor will diagnose pityriasis rosea by looking at the rash. Diagnosis can be
diagnosis hard when only the herald patch is visible, because the condition is often mistaken
for ringworm or eczema at this time. After the rash appears, diagnosis is generally
clear.
If the diagnosis is unclear, your doctor may do a potassium hydroxide (KOH) test
to make sure the rash is not caused by a fungal infection. A skin sample may be
taken from the infected area and examined under the microscope (biopsy). If the
diagnosis is unclear in a sexually active person, a test for syphilis is often done.
5. pityriasis rosea There is no treatment necessary. It will last for several weeks. The patient may use
treatment lotions. A corticosteroid may be used to relieve itching and reduce the rash
6. Innate immunity The natural epithelial barrier that offers resistance. In outer layer specialized
epithelium, including the skin and mucosal services, is relatively resistant to most
environmental hazards and resistant infection with disease causing microorgan-
2026/08/25
, NR507 Final
NR507 Final
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_4ooa0q
isms. If the barrier is damaged a highly efficient local and systemic response
(inflammation) is mobilized to limit the extent of the damage, protect against
infection, and initiate repair of the damaged tissue
7. Adaptive immu- Inflammation associated with infection usually initiates an adaptive process that
nity results in a long-term and very effective immunity to the infecting microorganism,
Adaptive immunity is relatively slow to develop but has memory and more rapidly
targets and eradicates a second infection with a particular disease-causing mi-
croorganism. The information presented in this chapter introduces
8. Inflammatory re- Innate immunity includes two lines of defense: natural barriers and inflammation
sponse (Table 7-1). Natural barriers are physical, mechanical, and biochemical barriers
at the body's surfaces and are in place at birth to prevent damage by substances
in the environment and thwart infection by pathogenic microorganisms. If the
surface barriers are breached, the second line of defense, the inflammatory
response, is activated to protect the body from further injury, prevent infection
of the injured tissue, and promote healing. The inflammatory response is a rapid
activation of biochemical and cellular processes that is relatively nonspecific,
with similar responses being initiated against a wide variety of causes of tissue
damage.
9. Overview of hu- CHARACTERISTICS BARRIERS INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE ADAPTIVE (ACQUIRED)
man defenses IMMUNITY Level of defense
First line of defense against infection and tissue injury
Second line of defense; occurs as a response to tissue injury or infection
Third line of defense; initiated when innate immune system signals the cells of
adaptive immunity Timing of defense
Constant Immediate response
Delay between primary exposure to antigen and maximum response; immediate
against secondary exposure to antigen Specificity Broadly specific Broadly specific
Response is very specific toward "antigen" Cells Epithelial cells Mast cells, gran-
ulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils), monocytes/macrophages, natur-
2026/08/25
, NR507 Final
NR507 Final
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_4ooa0q
al killer (NK) cells, platelets, endothelial cells T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes,
macrophages, dendritic cells Memory No memory involved No memory involved
Specific immunologic memory by T and B lymphocytes Peptides Defensins,
cathelicidins, collectins, lactoferrin, bacterial toxins Complement, clotting factors,
kinins Antibodies, complement Protection Protection includes anatomic barriers
(i.e., skin and mucous membranes), cells and secretory molecules or cytokines
(e.g., lysozymes, low pH of stomach and urine), and ciliary activity Protection
includes vascular responses, cellular components (e.g., mast cells, neutrophils,
macrophages), secretory molecules or cytokines, and activation of plasma protein
systems Protection includes activated T and B lymphocytes, cytokines, and anti-
bodies
10. Inflammatory re- Is activated to protect the body from further injury, prevent infection of the
sponse upon in- injured tissue, and promote healing. Inflammatory response is a rapid activation
jury of biochemical and cellular processes that is relatively nonspecific with similar
responses being initiated against a wide variety of causes of tissue damage.
11. Types of anemia Normochromic, normocytic anemia
hypo chromic, microcytic
normocytic, macrocytic anemia
12. Normochromic, Anemias of chronic disease
normocytic hemolytic anemias (those characterized by accelerated destruction of RBCs)
anemia (normal anemia of acute hemorrhage
MCHC, normal aplastic anemias (those characterized by disappearance of RBC precursors from
MCV) the marrow)
13. Hypo chromic, Iron deficiency anemia
microcytic ane- thalassemias
mia (low MCHC, anemia of chronic diseases
below MCV)
14.
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Normochromic, Vitamin B12 deficiency
macrocytic folate deficiency
anemia (normal
MCHC, high MCV)
15. Heartburn . Also called acid indigestion, heartburn is a burning pain or discomfort that can
move up from your stomach to the middle of your abdomen and chest. The pain
can also move into your throat. Despite its name, heartburn doesn't affect your
heart.
16. Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing
17. Orthopnea Discomfort in breathing while lying down flat; common in people with many types
of heart or lung conditions such as heart failure, pulmonary edema, sleep apnea,
COPD, and heart valve disease
18. Complications of Nausea and vomiting (usually gets better over time)
gastric resection internal bleeding (which can lead to blood clots forming)
surgery leaking from where the stomach has been closed
acid reflex (or stomach acid blinks back up into the esophagus)
19. macule Flat, distinct, discolored area of scan less than 1 cm wide. It doesn't involve any
change in the thickness or texture of the skin. Areas of discoloration that are larger
than 1 cm are referred to as patches. Commonly appear ontheback,chest,arms or
face. A birthmark may be considered immaculate that small. May be caused by
vitiligo or ultraviolet light exposure. Often called age spots
20. nevi A common pigmented skin lesion, usually developing during adulthood
21. Chickenpox An infections disease causing a mild fever and a rash of itchy, inflamed blisters. It
is caused by the herpes zoster virus and mainly affects children, who are afterward
usually immune
2026/08/25
NR507 Final
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_4ooa0q
1. aleolar ventila- The volume of gas expired from alveoli to the outside of the body permanent
tion perfusion
2. pityriasis rosea A common skin problem that causes a rash. Occurs at any age that most often in
ages of 10 and 35. It may be caused by a virus
3. pityriasis rosea The rash often begins with a single, round or oval, pink patch that is scaly with
observation a raised border (herald patch). The size of the patch ranges from 2 cm (0.8 in.)
to 10 cm (3.9 in.). The larger patches are more common. Days to weeks later,
salmon-colored, 1 cm (0.4 in.) to 2 cm (0.8 in.) oval patches appear in batches on
the abdomen, chest, back, arms, and legs. Patches sometimes spread to the neck
but rarely to the face.
Patches on the back are often vertical and angled to form a "Christmas tree" or
"fir tree" appearance.
Mild itching is a problem for about half of the people who get the rash.
The rash usually lasts 6 to 8 weeks, but it can last up to several months.
4. pityriasis rosea Your doctor will diagnose pityriasis rosea by looking at the rash. Diagnosis can be
diagnosis hard when only the herald patch is visible, because the condition is often mistaken
for ringworm or eczema at this time. After the rash appears, diagnosis is generally
clear.
If the diagnosis is unclear, your doctor may do a potassium hydroxide (KOH) test
to make sure the rash is not caused by a fungal infection. A skin sample may be
taken from the infected area and examined under the microscope (biopsy). If the
diagnosis is unclear in a sexually active person, a test for syphilis is often done.
5. pityriasis rosea There is no treatment necessary. It will last for several weeks. The patient may use
treatment lotions. A corticosteroid may be used to relieve itching and reduce the rash
6. Innate immunity The natural epithelial barrier that offers resistance. In outer layer specialized
epithelium, including the skin and mucosal services, is relatively resistant to most
environmental hazards and resistant infection with disease causing microorgan-
2026/08/25
, NR507 Final
NR507 Final
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_4ooa0q
isms. If the barrier is damaged a highly efficient local and systemic response
(inflammation) is mobilized to limit the extent of the damage, protect against
infection, and initiate repair of the damaged tissue
7. Adaptive immu- Inflammation associated with infection usually initiates an adaptive process that
nity results in a long-term and very effective immunity to the infecting microorganism,
Adaptive immunity is relatively slow to develop but has memory and more rapidly
targets and eradicates a second infection with a particular disease-causing mi-
croorganism. The information presented in this chapter introduces
8. Inflammatory re- Innate immunity includes two lines of defense: natural barriers and inflammation
sponse (Table 7-1). Natural barriers are physical, mechanical, and biochemical barriers
at the body's surfaces and are in place at birth to prevent damage by substances
in the environment and thwart infection by pathogenic microorganisms. If the
surface barriers are breached, the second line of defense, the inflammatory
response, is activated to protect the body from further injury, prevent infection
of the injured tissue, and promote healing. The inflammatory response is a rapid
activation of biochemical and cellular processes that is relatively nonspecific,
with similar responses being initiated against a wide variety of causes of tissue
damage.
9. Overview of hu- CHARACTERISTICS BARRIERS INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE ADAPTIVE (ACQUIRED)
man defenses IMMUNITY Level of defense
First line of defense against infection and tissue injury
Second line of defense; occurs as a response to tissue injury or infection
Third line of defense; initiated when innate immune system signals the cells of
adaptive immunity Timing of defense
Constant Immediate response
Delay between primary exposure to antigen and maximum response; immediate
against secondary exposure to antigen Specificity Broadly specific Broadly specific
Response is very specific toward "antigen" Cells Epithelial cells Mast cells, gran-
ulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils), monocytes/macrophages, natur-
2026/08/25
, NR507 Final
NR507 Final
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_4ooa0q
al killer (NK) cells, platelets, endothelial cells T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes,
macrophages, dendritic cells Memory No memory involved No memory involved
Specific immunologic memory by T and B lymphocytes Peptides Defensins,
cathelicidins, collectins, lactoferrin, bacterial toxins Complement, clotting factors,
kinins Antibodies, complement Protection Protection includes anatomic barriers
(i.e., skin and mucous membranes), cells and secretory molecules or cytokines
(e.g., lysozymes, low pH of stomach and urine), and ciliary activity Protection
includes vascular responses, cellular components (e.g., mast cells, neutrophils,
macrophages), secretory molecules or cytokines, and activation of plasma protein
systems Protection includes activated T and B lymphocytes, cytokines, and anti-
bodies
10. Inflammatory re- Is activated to protect the body from further injury, prevent infection of the
sponse upon in- injured tissue, and promote healing. Inflammatory response is a rapid activation
jury of biochemical and cellular processes that is relatively nonspecific with similar
responses being initiated against a wide variety of causes of tissue damage.
11. Types of anemia Normochromic, normocytic anemia
hypo chromic, microcytic
normocytic, macrocytic anemia
12. Normochromic, Anemias of chronic disease
normocytic hemolytic anemias (those characterized by accelerated destruction of RBCs)
anemia (normal anemia of acute hemorrhage
MCHC, normal aplastic anemias (those characterized by disappearance of RBC precursors from
MCV) the marrow)
13. Hypo chromic, Iron deficiency anemia
microcytic ane- thalassemias
mia (low MCHC, anemia of chronic diseases
below MCV)
14.
2026/08/25
, NR507 Final
NR507 Final
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_4ooa0q
Normochromic, Vitamin B12 deficiency
macrocytic folate deficiency
anemia (normal
MCHC, high MCV)
15. Heartburn . Also called acid indigestion, heartburn is a burning pain or discomfort that can
move up from your stomach to the middle of your abdomen and chest. The pain
can also move into your throat. Despite its name, heartburn doesn't affect your
heart.
16. Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing
17. Orthopnea Discomfort in breathing while lying down flat; common in people with many types
of heart or lung conditions such as heart failure, pulmonary edema, sleep apnea,
COPD, and heart valve disease
18. Complications of Nausea and vomiting (usually gets better over time)
gastric resection internal bleeding (which can lead to blood clots forming)
surgery leaking from where the stomach has been closed
acid reflex (or stomach acid blinks back up into the esophagus)
19. macule Flat, distinct, discolored area of scan less than 1 cm wide. It doesn't involve any
change in the thickness or texture of the skin. Areas of discoloration that are larger
than 1 cm are referred to as patches. Commonly appear ontheback,chest,arms or
face. A birthmark may be considered immaculate that small. May be caused by
vitiligo or ultraviolet light exposure. Often called age spots
20. nevi A common pigmented skin lesion, usually developing during adulthood
21. Chickenpox An infections disease causing a mild fever and a rash of itchy, inflamed blisters. It
is caused by the herpes zoster virus and mainly affects children, who are afterward
usually immune
2026/08/25
