CRITICAL THINKING REASON AND EVIDENCE
401 2026 EXAM PREP STUDY GUIDE
COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
◉ All dogs can fly. Ginger is a dog. Therefore, Ginger can fly.
Which types of reasoning are illustrated in this example? Choose 2
answers.
- Deductive
- Valid
- True
- Sound Answer: - Deductive
- Valid
◉ An individual drops hundreds of objects, and each time they fall to
the ground. The individual therefore concludes that if someone
drops a pencil, it will fall.
Which terms describe the argument? Choose 2 answers.
- Deductive
- Valid
- Strong
,- Cogent Answer: - Strong
- Cogent
◉ If I am bald, then I am old. I am old. Therefore, I am bald.
Which type of logic error is this an example of?
- Begging the question
- The fallacy fallacy
- Denying the antecedent
- Affirming the consequent Answer: Affirming the consequent
◉ If I am a soldier, then I am brave. I am not a soldier. Therefore, I
am not brave.
Which type of logic error is this an example of?
- Affirming the consequent
- Denying the antecedent
- Begging the question
- The fallacy fallacy Answer: Denying the antecedent
◉ One should never cheat on a test, since cheating is wrong.
Which type of logic error is this an example of?
,- Affirming the consequent
- Denying the antecedent
- Begging the question
- The fallacy fallacy Answer: Begging the question
◉ My opponent argues that the earth is round because Dr. Evil
shaped it that way using his satellite mounted laser. Since Dr. Evil is a
fictitious character, you must reject the argument that the earth is
round.
This is an example of which type of logic error?
- Denying the antecedent
- Affirming the consequent
- Begging the question
- The fallacy fallacy Answer: The fallacy fallacy
◉ Which of the following is an accurate characterization of "fallacy"
as that term is used in logic?
- A fallacy is a formal violation of a state law.
- A fallacy is a false claim.
- A fallacy is a deliberate attempt to deceive.
, - A fallacy is a common mistake in reasoning. Answer: A fallacy is a
common mistake in reasoning.
◉ Formal Fallacy Answer: The word "formal" refers to the structure
of things.
◉ Informal Fallacy Answer: Informal fallacies have a problem with
their content.
◉ A formal fallacy concerns _______, but an informal fallacy concerns
_______. Answer: the structure of an argument
By definition, a formal fallacy concerns the structure of an argument
and an informal fallacy concerns the information contained in the
argument's structure.
◉ A formal fallacy is a type of _______. Answer: Bad argument
structure
Formality is associated with structure.
◉ Which questions are most appropriate for evaluating the
credibility of an information source? Choose 2 answers.
- Who funded it?
401 2026 EXAM PREP STUDY GUIDE
COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
◉ All dogs can fly. Ginger is a dog. Therefore, Ginger can fly.
Which types of reasoning are illustrated in this example? Choose 2
answers.
- Deductive
- Valid
- True
- Sound Answer: - Deductive
- Valid
◉ An individual drops hundreds of objects, and each time they fall to
the ground. The individual therefore concludes that if someone
drops a pencil, it will fall.
Which terms describe the argument? Choose 2 answers.
- Deductive
- Valid
- Strong
,- Cogent Answer: - Strong
- Cogent
◉ If I am bald, then I am old. I am old. Therefore, I am bald.
Which type of logic error is this an example of?
- Begging the question
- The fallacy fallacy
- Denying the antecedent
- Affirming the consequent Answer: Affirming the consequent
◉ If I am a soldier, then I am brave. I am not a soldier. Therefore, I
am not brave.
Which type of logic error is this an example of?
- Affirming the consequent
- Denying the antecedent
- Begging the question
- The fallacy fallacy Answer: Denying the antecedent
◉ One should never cheat on a test, since cheating is wrong.
Which type of logic error is this an example of?
,- Affirming the consequent
- Denying the antecedent
- Begging the question
- The fallacy fallacy Answer: Begging the question
◉ My opponent argues that the earth is round because Dr. Evil
shaped it that way using his satellite mounted laser. Since Dr. Evil is a
fictitious character, you must reject the argument that the earth is
round.
This is an example of which type of logic error?
- Denying the antecedent
- Affirming the consequent
- Begging the question
- The fallacy fallacy Answer: The fallacy fallacy
◉ Which of the following is an accurate characterization of "fallacy"
as that term is used in logic?
- A fallacy is a formal violation of a state law.
- A fallacy is a false claim.
- A fallacy is a deliberate attempt to deceive.
, - A fallacy is a common mistake in reasoning. Answer: A fallacy is a
common mistake in reasoning.
◉ Formal Fallacy Answer: The word "formal" refers to the structure
of things.
◉ Informal Fallacy Answer: Informal fallacies have a problem with
their content.
◉ A formal fallacy concerns _______, but an informal fallacy concerns
_______. Answer: the structure of an argument
By definition, a formal fallacy concerns the structure of an argument
and an informal fallacy concerns the information contained in the
argument's structure.
◉ A formal fallacy is a type of _______. Answer: Bad argument
structure
Formality is associated with structure.
◉ Which questions are most appropriate for evaluating the
credibility of an information source? Choose 2 answers.
- Who funded it?
