CRITICAL THINKING REASON AND EVIDENCE
401 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ NON-PROPOSITONS. Answer: Are sentences that are not
statements about matters of fact or fiction. They do not make a claim
that can be true or false.
◉ SIMPLE PROPOSITIONS. Answer: Have no internal logic structure,
meaning whether they are true or false does not depend on whether
a part of them is true or false. They are simply true or false on their
own. (Example: Harry Potter wears glasses. The sky is blue.)
◉ COMPLEX PROPOSITIONS. Answer: Have internal logic structure,
meaning they are composed of simple propositions. Whether they
are true or false depends on whether their parts are true or false.
(Example: The sky is blue, but it does not look blue to me right now.
The cat ate the food, but he did not like it. The GDP of Canada is
either $3 trillion or $12 trillion.)
◉ Words used to identify Independent Propositions. Answer: AND,
OR, EITHER, BUT, IF, THEN.
,◉ CONCLUSION INDICATORS. Answer: THEREFORE, SO, IT
FOLLOWS THAT, HENCE, THUS, ENTAILS THAT, WE MAY CONCLUDE
THAT, IMPLIES THAT, WHEREFORE, AND AS A RESULT.
◉ PREMISE INDICATORS. Answer: BECAUSE, FOR, GIVEN THAT, AS,
SINCE, AS INDICATED BY.
◉ DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS. Answer: Arguments where the
premises guarantee or necessitate the conclusion.
-mathematical arguments, logical arguments, arguments from
definition.
◉ INDUCTION ARGUMENTS. Answer: Arguments where the
premises make the conclusion probable.
-analogies, authority, causal inferences, extrapolations, etc.
◉ INFERENCE TO THE BEST EXPLANATION OR ABDUCTION.
Answer: Arguments where the best available explanation is chosen
as the correct explanation.
◉ FORMAL FALLACY. Answer: Concerns the structure of an
argument
, ◉ INFORMAL FALLACY. Answer: Concerns the informational content
of an argument
◉ A FORMAL FALLACY IS A TYPE OF. Answer: Bad Argument
Structure
◉ Which piece of information would be the most helpful to know in
assessing the credibility of a news story?. Answer: Whether the
name of the author and the publication are identified
◉ Which questions are most appropriate for evaluating the
credibility of an information source?. Answer: Who funded it? &
Does it try to get you to distrust other sources?
◉ While researching a topic on the internet, a student encounters
two different websites, one of that looks more official than the other
and includes tables, charts, and statistics, while the other does not.
What is the line of reasoning this student should employ to
determine which site is more credible?. Answer: It is not feasible to
determine which site is more credible from the information
provided.
◉ In which way should an information source be approached if it is
stating that it is the only source of real information and that other
401 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ NON-PROPOSITONS. Answer: Are sentences that are not
statements about matters of fact or fiction. They do not make a claim
that can be true or false.
◉ SIMPLE PROPOSITIONS. Answer: Have no internal logic structure,
meaning whether they are true or false does not depend on whether
a part of them is true or false. They are simply true or false on their
own. (Example: Harry Potter wears glasses. The sky is blue.)
◉ COMPLEX PROPOSITIONS. Answer: Have internal logic structure,
meaning they are composed of simple propositions. Whether they
are true or false depends on whether their parts are true or false.
(Example: The sky is blue, but it does not look blue to me right now.
The cat ate the food, but he did not like it. The GDP of Canada is
either $3 trillion or $12 trillion.)
◉ Words used to identify Independent Propositions. Answer: AND,
OR, EITHER, BUT, IF, THEN.
,◉ CONCLUSION INDICATORS. Answer: THEREFORE, SO, IT
FOLLOWS THAT, HENCE, THUS, ENTAILS THAT, WE MAY CONCLUDE
THAT, IMPLIES THAT, WHEREFORE, AND AS A RESULT.
◉ PREMISE INDICATORS. Answer: BECAUSE, FOR, GIVEN THAT, AS,
SINCE, AS INDICATED BY.
◉ DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS. Answer: Arguments where the
premises guarantee or necessitate the conclusion.
-mathematical arguments, logical arguments, arguments from
definition.
◉ INDUCTION ARGUMENTS. Answer: Arguments where the
premises make the conclusion probable.
-analogies, authority, causal inferences, extrapolations, etc.
◉ INFERENCE TO THE BEST EXPLANATION OR ABDUCTION.
Answer: Arguments where the best available explanation is chosen
as the correct explanation.
◉ FORMAL FALLACY. Answer: Concerns the structure of an
argument
, ◉ INFORMAL FALLACY. Answer: Concerns the informational content
of an argument
◉ A FORMAL FALLACY IS A TYPE OF. Answer: Bad Argument
Structure
◉ Which piece of information would be the most helpful to know in
assessing the credibility of a news story?. Answer: Whether the
name of the author and the publication are identified
◉ Which questions are most appropriate for evaluating the
credibility of an information source?. Answer: Who funded it? &
Does it try to get you to distrust other sources?
◉ While researching a topic on the internet, a student encounters
two different websites, one of that looks more official than the other
and includes tables, charts, and statistics, while the other does not.
What is the line of reasoning this student should employ to
determine which site is more credible?. Answer: It is not feasible to
determine which site is more credible from the information
provided.
◉ In which way should an information source be approached if it is
stating that it is the only source of real information and that other
