Pathophysiology Midterm, GCU, 2026–2027 — Complete Exam
Material ATI Review Material, Disease Processes, Cellular
Adaptation, Inflammation, Fluid & Electrolyte Balance Q & A
Introduction
This document contains a comprehensive Pathophysiology midterm
study guide with verified questions and answers covering cellular
injury and adaptation, necrosis, genetics, fluid and electrolyte
balance, acid-base disorders, hematology, respiratory diseases,
cardiovascular disorders, shock, and neurologic conditions. It
includes 133 exam-focused questions and answers, including topics
such as SIADH vs. diabetes insipidus, acid-base compensation,
leukemia, anemia, heart failure, myocardial infarction, and stroke.
Exam Questions and Answers
74.Anion gaps in compensated respiratory acidosis---correct precise
answer --- The normal anion gap is 12. Therefore,
values greater than 12 define an anion gap metabolic acidosis.
Respiratory compensation is the physiologic mecha-nism to help
normalize a metabolic acidosis, however, compensation never
completely corrects an acidemia
75.Anion gaps in uncompensated respiratory acidosis---correct
precise answer --- Uncompensated respiratory acido-
,sis occurs when respiratory acidosis is present, with pH acidic
(under 7.35) and PaCO₂ acidic (over 45) mmHg; but the metabolic
system does not act to correct it, marked by HCO₃ in the normal
range (22 - 26 mEq/L)
76.Anion gaps in compensated metabolic acidosis---correct precise
answer --- The normal anion gap is 12. Therefore,
values greater than 12 define an anion gap metabolic acidosis.
Respiratory compensation is the physiologic mecha-nism to help
normalize a metabolic acidosis, however, compensation never
completely corrects an acidemia.
77.Anion gaps in uncompensated metabolic acidosis---correct
precise answer --- the anion gap helps determine the
cause of the metabolic acidosis. An elevated anion gap metabolic
acidosis can be caused by salicylate toxicity, diabetic ketoacidosis,
and uremia (MUDPILES). Non-Gap metabolic acidosis is due to GI
loss of bicarbonate (diarrhea) or a failure of kidneys to excrete acid
78.Major types of Leukemia---correct precise answer --- Acute
myelogenous leukemia (AML)
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) Chronic myelogenous leukemia
(CML) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
79.Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML)---correct precise answer ---
form of leukemia that arises from immature bone marrow
cells
rapidly progressive neoplasm of cells committed to the myeloid line
of development
80.Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)---correct precise answer ---
Immature lymphocytes (lymphoblasts) predominate. This form is
seen most often in children and adolescents; onset is sudden
, the most common form of leukemia in adults over 70 years of age;
characterized by overproduction of lymphocytes
81.Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)---correct precise answer -
-- Too many blood cells made in bone marrow both mature and
immature granulocytes are present in large numbers in the marrow
and blood
excess mature yet hypofuncitonal neutrophils
82.Chronic lymphomatic Leukemia (CLL)---correct precise answer --
- Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most com-mon
leukemia in adults. It's a type of cancer that starts in cells that
become certain white blood cells (called lymphocytes) in the bone
marrow. The cancer (leukemia) cells start in the bone marrow but
then go into the blood. In CLL, the leukemia cells often build up
slowly. Many people don't have any symptoms for at least a few
years. But over time, the cells grow and spread to other parts of the
body, including the lymph nodes, liver, and spleen.
83.Multiple Myeloma---correct precise answer --- malignant tumor
of bone marrow cells
84.Burkitt's lymphoma---correct precise answer --- 8---correct
precise answer ---14 translocation; associated with EBV
Tumor the of jaw; most common childhood cancer in Africa Due to
Epstein-Barr virus (human herpesvirus 4)
Malaria suppresses the immune system response to the virus
85.EBV (Epstein-Barr Virus)---correct precise answer --- It spreads
primarily through saliva. EBV can cause infectious mononucleosis,
also called mono, and other illnesses. Most people will get infected
with EBV in their lifetime and will not have any symptoms. Mono
caused by EBV is most common among teens and adults
Material ATI Review Material, Disease Processes, Cellular
Adaptation, Inflammation, Fluid & Electrolyte Balance Q & A
Introduction
This document contains a comprehensive Pathophysiology midterm
study guide with verified questions and answers covering cellular
injury and adaptation, necrosis, genetics, fluid and electrolyte
balance, acid-base disorders, hematology, respiratory diseases,
cardiovascular disorders, shock, and neurologic conditions. It
includes 133 exam-focused questions and answers, including topics
such as SIADH vs. diabetes insipidus, acid-base compensation,
leukemia, anemia, heart failure, myocardial infarction, and stroke.
Exam Questions and Answers
74.Anion gaps in compensated respiratory acidosis---correct precise
answer --- The normal anion gap is 12. Therefore,
values greater than 12 define an anion gap metabolic acidosis.
Respiratory compensation is the physiologic mecha-nism to help
normalize a metabolic acidosis, however, compensation never
completely corrects an acidemia
75.Anion gaps in uncompensated respiratory acidosis---correct
precise answer --- Uncompensated respiratory acido-
,sis occurs when respiratory acidosis is present, with pH acidic
(under 7.35) and PaCO₂ acidic (over 45) mmHg; but the metabolic
system does not act to correct it, marked by HCO₃ in the normal
range (22 - 26 mEq/L)
76.Anion gaps in compensated metabolic acidosis---correct precise
answer --- The normal anion gap is 12. Therefore,
values greater than 12 define an anion gap metabolic acidosis.
Respiratory compensation is the physiologic mecha-nism to help
normalize a metabolic acidosis, however, compensation never
completely corrects an acidemia.
77.Anion gaps in uncompensated metabolic acidosis---correct
precise answer --- the anion gap helps determine the
cause of the metabolic acidosis. An elevated anion gap metabolic
acidosis can be caused by salicylate toxicity, diabetic ketoacidosis,
and uremia (MUDPILES). Non-Gap metabolic acidosis is due to GI
loss of bicarbonate (diarrhea) or a failure of kidneys to excrete acid
78.Major types of Leukemia---correct precise answer --- Acute
myelogenous leukemia (AML)
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) Chronic myelogenous leukemia
(CML) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
79.Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML)---correct precise answer ---
form of leukemia that arises from immature bone marrow
cells
rapidly progressive neoplasm of cells committed to the myeloid line
of development
80.Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)---correct precise answer ---
Immature lymphocytes (lymphoblasts) predominate. This form is
seen most often in children and adolescents; onset is sudden
, the most common form of leukemia in adults over 70 years of age;
characterized by overproduction of lymphocytes
81.Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)---correct precise answer -
-- Too many blood cells made in bone marrow both mature and
immature granulocytes are present in large numbers in the marrow
and blood
excess mature yet hypofuncitonal neutrophils
82.Chronic lymphomatic Leukemia (CLL)---correct precise answer --
- Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most com-mon
leukemia in adults. It's a type of cancer that starts in cells that
become certain white blood cells (called lymphocytes) in the bone
marrow. The cancer (leukemia) cells start in the bone marrow but
then go into the blood. In CLL, the leukemia cells often build up
slowly. Many people don't have any symptoms for at least a few
years. But over time, the cells grow and spread to other parts of the
body, including the lymph nodes, liver, and spleen.
83.Multiple Myeloma---correct precise answer --- malignant tumor
of bone marrow cells
84.Burkitt's lymphoma---correct precise answer --- 8---correct
precise answer ---14 translocation; associated with EBV
Tumor the of jaw; most common childhood cancer in Africa Due to
Epstein-Barr virus (human herpesvirus 4)
Malaria suppresses the immune system response to the virus
85.EBV (Epstein-Barr Virus)---correct precise answer --- It spreads
primarily through saliva. EBV can cause infectious mononucleosis,
also called mono, and other illnesses. Most people will get infected
with EBV in their lifetime and will not have any symptoms. Mono
caused by EBV is most common among teens and adults
