NR507- ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAMS WITH CORRECT SOLUTIONS
2026
1. Acute renal failure - -ANS☑️☑️--Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this
indicates that kidneys are functioning well
2. Adrenal Crisis- Hypocortisolism - -ANS☑️☑️--Onset of adrenal crisis is
signified by hypotension
3. Actions of Insulin - -ANS☑️☑️--Insulin promotes glucose uptake mostly in
the liver, muscle and adipose tissue
4. Acute Pyelonephritis - -ANS☑️☑️--Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone
can be difficult; can be similar to cystitis
5. Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be
present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract
imaging
6. Hypotension can progress to complete vascular collapse and shock. This
is known as adrenal crisis or addisonian crisis and develops with
undiagnosed disease, acute withdrawal of glucocorticoid therapy or the
occurrence of infection or other comorbid stressful events
, 7. Alzheimer's Disease - -ANS☑️☑️--Decreased short-term memory occurs
with mild cognitive decline as a result of a reduced hippocampus size
8. Autonomic Neuropathy-Complication of Diabetes - -ANS☑️☑️--Autonomic
Neuropathy includes:
GI Symptoms:
--Decreased esophageal motility
--Gastroparesis
--Delayed gastric emptying
9. Bacterial Meningitis - -ANS☑️☑️--Associated with compression of Cranial
nerve V and results in severe and sharp stabbing pain that can worsen with
chewing
10. Bell's Palsy - -ANS☑️☑️--Associated with Cranial Nerve VII paralysis and
results in facial asymmetry and inability to close eye, smile or frown on the
affected side
11. Cerebrovascular Accident - -ANS☑️☑️--Review s/s depending on the artery
infarcted
12. Example: infarct in the ACA will result in motor: contralateral paralysis or
paresis (greater in foot and thigh)
13. Sensory deficits associated with basilar artery infarct include contralateral
loss of vibratory sense, sense of position with dysmetria, loss of two-point
discrimination, impaired rapid alternating movements
14. Chronic Renal Failure - -ANS☑️☑️--Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a
progressive loss of renal function associated with systemic disease such
as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic
lupus erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
FINAL EXAMS WITH CORRECT SOLUTIONS
2026
1. Acute renal failure - -ANS☑️☑️--Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this
indicates that kidneys are functioning well
2. Adrenal Crisis- Hypocortisolism - -ANS☑️☑️--Onset of adrenal crisis is
signified by hypotension
3. Actions of Insulin - -ANS☑️☑️--Insulin promotes glucose uptake mostly in
the liver, muscle and adipose tissue
4. Acute Pyelonephritis - -ANS☑️☑️--Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone
can be difficult; can be similar to cystitis
5. Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be
present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract
imaging
6. Hypotension can progress to complete vascular collapse and shock. This
is known as adrenal crisis or addisonian crisis and develops with
undiagnosed disease, acute withdrawal of glucocorticoid therapy or the
occurrence of infection or other comorbid stressful events
, 7. Alzheimer's Disease - -ANS☑️☑️--Decreased short-term memory occurs
with mild cognitive decline as a result of a reduced hippocampus size
8. Autonomic Neuropathy-Complication of Diabetes - -ANS☑️☑️--Autonomic
Neuropathy includes:
GI Symptoms:
--Decreased esophageal motility
--Gastroparesis
--Delayed gastric emptying
9. Bacterial Meningitis - -ANS☑️☑️--Associated with compression of Cranial
nerve V and results in severe and sharp stabbing pain that can worsen with
chewing
10. Bell's Palsy - -ANS☑️☑️--Associated with Cranial Nerve VII paralysis and
results in facial asymmetry and inability to close eye, smile or frown on the
affected side
11. Cerebrovascular Accident - -ANS☑️☑️--Review s/s depending on the artery
infarcted
12. Example: infarct in the ACA will result in motor: contralateral paralysis or
paresis (greater in foot and thigh)
13. Sensory deficits associated with basilar artery infarct include contralateral
loss of vibratory sense, sense of position with dysmetria, loss of two-point
discrimination, impaired rapid alternating movements
14. Chronic Renal Failure - -ANS☑️☑️--Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a
progressive loss of renal function associated with systemic disease such
as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic
lupus erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
