BCH5413 Exam 3 Comprehensive Test A+
Questions and Answers Verified Solutions
Latest Update 2026/2027
Answer:
error in replication
bully addict formation
oxidation
alkylation
hydrolysis
●● exogenous factors that cause DNA damage.
Answer:
UV, chemicals, x-rays, ionizing radiation
●● emethanesulfate (EMS).
Answer:
DNA alkylation medicine for cancer
●● GC base pairing when guanine is exposed to EMS.
Answer:
guanine to 06-ethylguanine and bins to thymine
●● EMS as a cancer treatment.
Answer:
interferes with transcriptional and DNA replication
●● alkylation event that does not change base pairing.
Answer:
attacks phosphodiester bond
●● endogenous sources of oxidative stress.
,Answer:
respiration, stress
●● exogenous sources of oxidative stress.
Answer:
smoking, alcohol, pollution, water, pesticides, medications, food (meat)
●● Result of oxidative damage.
Answer:
guanine oxidation
-biomarker of oxidative stress
-mutagenic
●● Hoogsteen base pairing.
Answer:
- Occurs when one base is in the syn conformation.
-G-A base pair
●● UV-A damage.
Answer:
free radicals
●● UV-B damage.
Answer:
pyrimidine dimers
●● Gamma and X-ray damage.
Answer:
ss or ds DNA break, altered bases (oxidized)
●● ionizing radiation.
Answer:
, radiation w/enough energy to free electrons from atoms forming ions, may cause cancer (ex.
gamma, X-rays, UV). Ionizes molecules around DNA ( water) to form highly reactive free radicals
that attack DNA backbone
●● oxidative stress, alkylating agents effect on DNA.
Answer:
Base modification: alkylation, methylation, oxidation
●● polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons effect on DNA.
Answer:
adduct intercalation between bases
●● spontaneous events effect on DNA.
Answer:
depyrimidation, depurination, backbone modification, base modifications
●● ionizing radiation effect on DNA.
Answer:
ds break
●● environmental toxins effect on DNA.
Answer:
ss break, DNA-protein crosslink
●● UV light effect on DNA.
Answer:
photoproduct, thymidine dimers
●● chemo effect on DNA.
Answer:
DNA-DNA crosslink
●● How does proofreading work?.
Questions and Answers Verified Solutions
Latest Update 2026/2027
Answer:
error in replication
bully addict formation
oxidation
alkylation
hydrolysis
●● exogenous factors that cause DNA damage.
Answer:
UV, chemicals, x-rays, ionizing radiation
●● emethanesulfate (EMS).
Answer:
DNA alkylation medicine for cancer
●● GC base pairing when guanine is exposed to EMS.
Answer:
guanine to 06-ethylguanine and bins to thymine
●● EMS as a cancer treatment.
Answer:
interferes with transcriptional and DNA replication
●● alkylation event that does not change base pairing.
Answer:
attacks phosphodiester bond
●● endogenous sources of oxidative stress.
,Answer:
respiration, stress
●● exogenous sources of oxidative stress.
Answer:
smoking, alcohol, pollution, water, pesticides, medications, food (meat)
●● Result of oxidative damage.
Answer:
guanine oxidation
-biomarker of oxidative stress
-mutagenic
●● Hoogsteen base pairing.
Answer:
- Occurs when one base is in the syn conformation.
-G-A base pair
●● UV-A damage.
Answer:
free radicals
●● UV-B damage.
Answer:
pyrimidine dimers
●● Gamma and X-ray damage.
Answer:
ss or ds DNA break, altered bases (oxidized)
●● ionizing radiation.
Answer:
, radiation w/enough energy to free electrons from atoms forming ions, may cause cancer (ex.
gamma, X-rays, UV). Ionizes molecules around DNA ( water) to form highly reactive free radicals
that attack DNA backbone
●● oxidative stress, alkylating agents effect on DNA.
Answer:
Base modification: alkylation, methylation, oxidation
●● polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons effect on DNA.
Answer:
adduct intercalation between bases
●● spontaneous events effect on DNA.
Answer:
depyrimidation, depurination, backbone modification, base modifications
●● ionizing radiation effect on DNA.
Answer:
ds break
●● environmental toxins effect on DNA.
Answer:
ss break, DNA-protein crosslink
●● UV light effect on DNA.
Answer:
photoproduct, thymidine dimers
●● chemo effect on DNA.
Answer:
DNA-DNA crosslink
●● How does proofreading work?.
