APEA PATHOPHYSIOLOGY -
MASTER 1 EXAM 2026/2027 WITH 460
QUESTIONS AND EXPERT-VERIFIED
CORRECT ANSWERS | ALREADY
GRADED A+ | GUARANTEED PASS |
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY LATEST EXAM
which of the following cardiac rhythms do not lead to a decrease in cardiac output?
normal sinus rhythm
bradycardia
atrial fibrillation
atrioventricular block - ANSWER-normal sinus rhythm
Aortic stenosis may be identified by:
a low-intensity, high pitched murmur
a crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur
,a high pitched and blowing murmur with a decrescendo configuration
a murmur with a rumbling character - ANSWER-a crescendo-decrescendo systolic
murmur
this begins shortly after the first heart sound. S1 is usually normal or soft and the
A2 (second heart sound) is usually diminished or absent due to aortic valve
calcification & immobility
Transposition of the great arteries is described as:
acyanotic deficits increasing pulmonary blood flow
cyanotic defect that decreases pulmonary blood flow
cyanotic mixed defects with increased pulmonary blood flow
obstructive lesions with poor blood flow from ventricles - ANSWER-cyanotic
mixed defects with increased pulmonary blood flow
Which of the following cardiac rhythms is characterized by P waves that precede
each QRS interval
sinus bradycardia
atrial flutter
ventricle tachycardia
Torsades de Pointes - ANSWER-Sinus bradycardia
Pediatric patients with tetralogy of Fallot have episodes of bluish skin during
crying and feeding that are called:
tachypnea
dyspnea
tet spells
Cheyne-Stokes breathing - ANSWER-tet spells
,Which of the following types of angina involves nocturnal symptoms?
Classic angina
Stable angina
Prinzmetal's angina
Unstable angina - ANSWER-Unstable angina
Causes symptoms at rest & at night
Whish congenital heart defect is known to cause cyanotic crying episodes
precipitated by crying, feeding, or other activities?
Atrial septal defect
Ventricular septal defect
Patent ductus arteriosus
Tetralogy of Fallot - ANSWER-Tetralogy of Fallot
Which of the following statements accurately describes a premature ventricular
contraction (PVC)?
It is caused by a ventricular ectopic pacemaker
It is caused by failure of the AV node to fire
It is caused by bifurcation of the bundle of HIs
It is caused by prolongation of the QT interval - ANSWER-It is caused by a
ventricular ectopic pacemaker
Which of the following is secreted by ventricular myocytes and assists in the
diagnosis of heart failure?
Atrial natriuretic peptide
Brain natriuretic peptide
, Endothelin
Nitric oxide - ANSWER-Brain natriuretic peptide
important biomarker with an established role in the diagnosis of heart failure and in
predicting long-term morbidity and mortality
The primary function of the heart is:
to maintain pressure throughout the cardiovascular system
to generate the flow of blood to the right ventricle
to pump blood through the body via the circulatory system
to excrete carbon monoxide from the blood - ANSWER-to pump blood through the
body via the circulatory system
Mean arterial pressure is primarily regulated by changes in cardiac output and:
afterload
increased stroke volume
systemic vascular resistance
heart rate - ANSWER-systemic vascular resistance
MAP is regulated by changes in CO, SVR, and CVP (central venous pressure)
normal MAP is 70-110, with a minimum of 60 mmHg is needed for adequate
perfusion
The life-threatening cardiac condition caused by the accumulation of fluid in the
pericardial space is:
endocarditis
cardiac tamponade
pericarditis
MASTER 1 EXAM 2026/2027 WITH 460
QUESTIONS AND EXPERT-VERIFIED
CORRECT ANSWERS | ALREADY
GRADED A+ | GUARANTEED PASS |
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY LATEST EXAM
which of the following cardiac rhythms do not lead to a decrease in cardiac output?
normal sinus rhythm
bradycardia
atrial fibrillation
atrioventricular block - ANSWER-normal sinus rhythm
Aortic stenosis may be identified by:
a low-intensity, high pitched murmur
a crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur
,a high pitched and blowing murmur with a decrescendo configuration
a murmur with a rumbling character - ANSWER-a crescendo-decrescendo systolic
murmur
this begins shortly after the first heart sound. S1 is usually normal or soft and the
A2 (second heart sound) is usually diminished or absent due to aortic valve
calcification & immobility
Transposition of the great arteries is described as:
acyanotic deficits increasing pulmonary blood flow
cyanotic defect that decreases pulmonary blood flow
cyanotic mixed defects with increased pulmonary blood flow
obstructive lesions with poor blood flow from ventricles - ANSWER-cyanotic
mixed defects with increased pulmonary blood flow
Which of the following cardiac rhythms is characterized by P waves that precede
each QRS interval
sinus bradycardia
atrial flutter
ventricle tachycardia
Torsades de Pointes - ANSWER-Sinus bradycardia
Pediatric patients with tetralogy of Fallot have episodes of bluish skin during
crying and feeding that are called:
tachypnea
dyspnea
tet spells
Cheyne-Stokes breathing - ANSWER-tet spells
,Which of the following types of angina involves nocturnal symptoms?
Classic angina
Stable angina
Prinzmetal's angina
Unstable angina - ANSWER-Unstable angina
Causes symptoms at rest & at night
Whish congenital heart defect is known to cause cyanotic crying episodes
precipitated by crying, feeding, or other activities?
Atrial septal defect
Ventricular septal defect
Patent ductus arteriosus
Tetralogy of Fallot - ANSWER-Tetralogy of Fallot
Which of the following statements accurately describes a premature ventricular
contraction (PVC)?
It is caused by a ventricular ectopic pacemaker
It is caused by failure of the AV node to fire
It is caused by bifurcation of the bundle of HIs
It is caused by prolongation of the QT interval - ANSWER-It is caused by a
ventricular ectopic pacemaker
Which of the following is secreted by ventricular myocytes and assists in the
diagnosis of heart failure?
Atrial natriuretic peptide
Brain natriuretic peptide
, Endothelin
Nitric oxide - ANSWER-Brain natriuretic peptide
important biomarker with an established role in the diagnosis of heart failure and in
predicting long-term morbidity and mortality
The primary function of the heart is:
to maintain pressure throughout the cardiovascular system
to generate the flow of blood to the right ventricle
to pump blood through the body via the circulatory system
to excrete carbon monoxide from the blood - ANSWER-to pump blood through the
body via the circulatory system
Mean arterial pressure is primarily regulated by changes in cardiac output and:
afterload
increased stroke volume
systemic vascular resistance
heart rate - ANSWER-systemic vascular resistance
MAP is regulated by changes in CO, SVR, and CVP (central venous pressure)
normal MAP is 70-110, with a minimum of 60 mmHg is needed for adequate
perfusion
The life-threatening cardiac condition caused by the accumulation of fluid in the
pericardial space is:
endocarditis
cardiac tamponade
pericarditis
