Digestive System Disorders
Digestive System Disorders
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_97x4w
1. Anorexia Loss of appetite. Often precedes nausea and vomiting.
2. Nausea Generally unpleasant subjective feeling, which may be stimulated by distension,
irritation, or inflammation in the digestive tract.
3. Nausea and Vom- Often, increased salivation, pallor, sweating, and tachycardia may occur with:
iting
4. Vomiting Center Located in the medulla oblongata
5. Vomiting (Eme- Forceful expulsion of chyme from the stomach and sometimes from the intestine.
sis)
6. Vomiting Causes:
- distention or irritation in the digestive tract;
- stimuli from various parts of the brain in response to unpleasant sights or smells,
or ischemia;
- pain or stress; the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear (motion sickness);
- increased intracranial pressure causing sudden projectile vomiting without pre-
vious nausea or food intake;
- stimulation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) in the medulla by drugs,
toxins, and chemicals
7. Chemoreceptor CTZ
Trigger Zone
8. Activation of 2 ways:
the Chemorecep- - by signals from the stomach and small intestine which travel from the GI tract on
tor Trigger Zone vagal afferent neurons to the CTZ
- by the direct action of emetogenic compounds, such as anticancer drugs, opioids
and ipecac, that are carried to the CTZ in the blood
9. Neurotransmitters involved in the vomiting response
1
, Digestive System Disorders
Digestive System Disorders
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_97x4w
Serotonin,
Dopamine,
Acetylcholine,
Histamine
10. Vomiting Reflex 1. takes a deep breath
2. the glottis closes and raising the soft palate
3. respiration ceases, which minimizes the risk of aspiration
4. the gastroesophageal sphincter relaxes
5. the abdominal muscles contract, which squeezes the stomach against the di-
aphragm and forces the gastric contents upward and out of the mouth
6. promoting expulsion of the contents of the stomach by reverse peristaltic waves
in the proximal duodenum and antrum (distal end of the stomach)
11. Hematemesis Blood in the vomit. Looks like coffee grounds; a brown granular material resulting
from the partial digestion in he stomach of protein in the blood. If hemorrhage is
extensive, then red blood may be obvious.
12. Bile Yellow- or greenish-stained vomitus contains ____ from the duodenum.
13. Deep brown This colour may indicate content from the lower intestine, typical of recurrent
vomiting in persons with intestinal obstruction.
14. Diarrhea An excessive frequency of stools, usually of loose or watery consistency, and may
be acute or chronic.
15. Diarrhea Often accompanied by cramping pain. Severe or prolonged ________ may lead
to dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, acidosis, and malnutrition.
16. Large-volume di- Watery stool resulting from increased secretions into the intestine. This type of
arrhea (secretory diarrhea is often related to infections or a short transit time, which limits reab-
or osmotic) sorption, or to increased osmotic pressure of the intestinal contents, causing them
to retain water.
2
Digestive System Disorders
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_97x4w
1. Anorexia Loss of appetite. Often precedes nausea and vomiting.
2. Nausea Generally unpleasant subjective feeling, which may be stimulated by distension,
irritation, or inflammation in the digestive tract.
3. Nausea and Vom- Often, increased salivation, pallor, sweating, and tachycardia may occur with:
iting
4. Vomiting Center Located in the medulla oblongata
5. Vomiting (Eme- Forceful expulsion of chyme from the stomach and sometimes from the intestine.
sis)
6. Vomiting Causes:
- distention or irritation in the digestive tract;
- stimuli from various parts of the brain in response to unpleasant sights or smells,
or ischemia;
- pain or stress; the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear (motion sickness);
- increased intracranial pressure causing sudden projectile vomiting without pre-
vious nausea or food intake;
- stimulation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) in the medulla by drugs,
toxins, and chemicals
7. Chemoreceptor CTZ
Trigger Zone
8. Activation of 2 ways:
the Chemorecep- - by signals from the stomach and small intestine which travel from the GI tract on
tor Trigger Zone vagal afferent neurons to the CTZ
- by the direct action of emetogenic compounds, such as anticancer drugs, opioids
and ipecac, that are carried to the CTZ in the blood
9. Neurotransmitters involved in the vomiting response
1
, Digestive System Disorders
Digestive System Disorders
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_97x4w
Serotonin,
Dopamine,
Acetylcholine,
Histamine
10. Vomiting Reflex 1. takes a deep breath
2. the glottis closes and raising the soft palate
3. respiration ceases, which minimizes the risk of aspiration
4. the gastroesophageal sphincter relaxes
5. the abdominal muscles contract, which squeezes the stomach against the di-
aphragm and forces the gastric contents upward and out of the mouth
6. promoting expulsion of the contents of the stomach by reverse peristaltic waves
in the proximal duodenum and antrum (distal end of the stomach)
11. Hematemesis Blood in the vomit. Looks like coffee grounds; a brown granular material resulting
from the partial digestion in he stomach of protein in the blood. If hemorrhage is
extensive, then red blood may be obvious.
12. Bile Yellow- or greenish-stained vomitus contains ____ from the duodenum.
13. Deep brown This colour may indicate content from the lower intestine, typical of recurrent
vomiting in persons with intestinal obstruction.
14. Diarrhea An excessive frequency of stools, usually of loose or watery consistency, and may
be acute or chronic.
15. Diarrhea Often accompanied by cramping pain. Severe or prolonged ________ may lead
to dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, acidosis, and malnutrition.
16. Large-volume di- Watery stool resulting from increased secretions into the intestine. This type of
arrhea (secretory diarrhea is often related to infections or a short transit time, which limits reab-
or osmotic) sorption, or to increased osmotic pressure of the intestinal contents, causing them
to retain water.
2
