NURS231 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL ACTUAL VERIFIED EXAM | HIGHER EDUCATION NURSING CURRICULUM
2026/2027 ACADEMIC YEAR | VERIFIED Q&A | UNIVERSITY-LEVEL NURSING STUDENTS
NURS231
PATHO FINAL
2026/2027
NURS231 Pathophysiology Final
Higher Education Nursing Curriculum
2026/2027 Academic Year | Verified Q&A for University-Level
Nursing Students | Final Actual Verified Exam
150Q VERIFIED NEWEST EXAM RATIONALES
FINAL EXAM 2026/2027 UNIVERSITY
INCLUDES:
• Cellular Adaptation, Inflammation, Immunity, Neoplasia, Genetics
• Cardio, Pulmonary, Renal, Neuro, Endocrine, GI, Musculoskeletal Patho
• 150 Verified Questions + Answers + Detailed Rationales | NURS231 Final
• Professional Study Guide | Borders + Page Numbers | 2026/2027 Edition
NURS231 Pathophysiology Final | Higher Ed Nursing | Not affiliated
Confidential Study Guide - Educational Purposes Only | 2026/2027 Edition
,Cellular Mechanisms Inflammation Neoplasia Genetics General Patho
Description: Cellular adaptation responses to stress increased demand atrophy decrease cell size number due to disuse denervation decreased blood ischemia inadequate
nutrition, hypertrophy increase cell size increased workload physiological pregnancy exercise pathological hypertension, hyperplasia increase number cells hormonal
physiological pregnancy compensatory liver regeneration pathological BPH, metaplasia reversible replacement one mature cell type another Barrett esophagus squamous
to columnar due to chronic irritation, dysplasia disordered growth precancerous cervical dysplasia, cellular injury reversible hydropic fatty change irreversible necrosis
apoptosis, cell death necrosis coagulative liquefactive caseous fat gangrenous vs apoptosis programmed caspase, intracellular accumulations, inflammation acute cardinal
signs rubor calor tumor dolor functio laesa, vascular permeability, mediators histamine prostaglandins leukotrienes cytokines, chronic granulomatous, healing regeneration
labile stable permanent cells repair fibrosis, neoplasia new growth benign vs malignant characteristics differentiation anaplasia rate growth local invasion metastasis,
nomenclature benign -oma lipoma carcinoma epithelial malignant sarcoma mesenchymal, carcinogenesis initiation promotion progression, tumor markers, genetics
Mendelian patterns autosomal dominant Huntington Marfan, autosomal recessive CF sickle cell, X-linked dominant recessive hemophilia Duchenne, chromosomal
aneuploidy trisomy Down 21 Edwards 18 Patau 13 monosomy Turner 45X Klinefelter 47XXY, multifactorial polygenic, epigenetics, fluid electrolyte acid-base imbalances
NURS231 foundational.
Cardiovascular Pulmonary Renal Neurological Pathophysiology
Description: Cardiovascular pathophysiology heart anatomy physiology cardiac cycle, heart failure syndrome inability pump sufficient CO to meet metabolic demands
left-sided pulmonary congestion dyspnea orthopnea paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea crackles, right-sided systemic congestion peripheral edema JVD hepatomegaly,
systolic failure reduced EF <40% decreased contractility, diastolic failure preserved EF impaired filling, neurohormonal compensatory RAAS sympathetic hypertrophy,
coronary artery disease atherosclerosis plaque LDL endothelial dysfunction angina stable unstable Prinzmetal, MI myocardial infarction STEMI NSTEMI necrosis troponin,
hypertension primary secondary complications, shock inadequate tissue perfusion cardiogenic pump failure distributive vasodilation septic anaphylactic neurogenic,
hypovolemic blood loss, obstructive tamponade PE, dysrhythmias, pulmonary pathophysiology ventilation perfusion V/Q 0.8 shunt dead space hypoxia mechanisms
hypoventilation diffusion impairment, obstructive lung diseases airflow limitation COPD GOLD criteria FEV1/FVC <70% chronic bronchitis productive cough 3 months 2
years emphysema alveolar wall destruction centrilobular panacinar, asthma reversible bronchospasm airway hyperresponsiveness inflammation, bronchiectasis, restrictive
decreased lung compliance interstitial fibrosis chest wall neuromuscular pleural, pneumonia community hospital ventilator, ARDS Berlin definition PaO2/FiO2 <300 diffuse
alveolar damage, pulmonary edema cardiogenic noncardiogenic, pulmonary hypertension, renal pathophysiology kidney functions, glomerular filtration GFR normal
90-120, AKI Acute Kidney Injury KDIGO criteria increased creatinine 0.3 mg/dL oliguria <0.5 mL/kg/hr 6 hr prerenal hypoperfusion hypovolemia decreased CO, intrarenal
ATN nephrotoxic contrast aminoglycoside ischemic glomerulonephritis, postrenal obstruction BPH stones, CKD Chronic Kidney Disease GFR <60 >3 months stages 1-5
A1-A3 albuminuria complications anemia mineral bone disorder uremia, glomerular disorders nephrotic proteinuria >3.5 g/day edema hyperlipidemia, nephritic hematuria
hypertension, tubular interstitial, fluid electrolyte disorders, neurological increased ICP Monro-Kellie, stroke ischemic thrombotic embolic hemorrhagic ICH SAH, seizures
epilepsy classification, TBI, neurodegenerative Parkinson dopamine Alzheimer amyloid, multiple sclerosis demyelination.
Endocrine GI Musculoskeletal Integration Nursing Patho Final
Description: Endocrine pathophysiology hormones negative feedback, diabetes mellitus prevalence Type 1 autoimmune beta cell destruction absolute insulin deficiency
onset young DKA Diabetic Ketoacidosis hyperglycemia >250 ketones acidosis Kussmaul, Type 2 insulin resistance relative deficiency obesity metabolic syndrome onset
adult complications acute hypoglycemia DKA HHS Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State >600 no ketosis, chronic microvascular retinopathy blindness nephropathy CKD
neuropathy sensory motor autonomic, macrovascular CAD MI stroke PAD, thyroid hypothyroidism Hashimoto low T3 T4 high TSH myxedema coma, hyperthyroidism
Graves toxic nodule high T3 T4 low TSH thyrotoxicosis thyroid storm, adrenal insufficiency Addison autoimmune low cortisol ACTH high hyperpigmentation,
hypercortisolism Cushing iatrogenic pituitary, pituitary hypo hyper, GI pathophysiology liver failure functions metabolism detox synthesis, cirrhosis fibrosis portal
hypertension varices ascites encephalopathy, hepatitis viral alcoholic, cholelithiasis, pancreatitis acute autodigestion amylase lipase chronic calcification diabetes, IBD
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Crohn transmural skip lesions anywhere GI ulcerative colitis continuous colon only mucosa, IBS functional, peptic ulcer H pylori NSAID, bowel
obstruction mechanical functional, musculoskeletal osteoporosis low bone mineral density T-score <-2.5 primary postmenopausal secondary, fractures types healing
phases, arthritis osteoarthritis degenerative wear tear, rheumatoid autoimmune systemic synovitis, gout hyperuricemia monosodium urate crystals, musculoskeletal
infections, NURS231 Pathophysiology Final integration nursing process assessment manifestations diagnostics labs imaging collaborative management for university-level
nursing students higher education curriculum 2026/2027 comprehensive review cellular to systems.
Page 2 - NURS231 Pathophysiology Final 150Q 2026/2027
,Question 1: Q1: Cellular adaptation - atrophy hypertrophy hyperplasia metaplasia dysplasia?
A. Cellular adaptation atrophy decrease size, hypertrophy increase size, hyperplasia increase number, metaplasia one mature cell type to another,
dysplasia disordered growth precancerous
B. Atrophy increase size cellular adaptation
C. Hypertrophy decrease size cellular adaptation
D. No metaplasia cellular adaptation
CORRECT ANSWER: A. Cellular adaptation atrophy decrease size, hypertrophy increase size, hyperplasia increase number, metaplasia one
mature cell type to another, dysplasia disordered growth precancerous
RATIONALE:
Rationale: Cellular adaptation atrophy decrease size, hypertrophy increase size, hyperplasia increase number, metaplasia one mature cell type to another, dysplasia
disordered growth precancerous. Per NURS231 pathophysiology curriculum, McCance Huether Pathophysiology and higher education nursing curriculum for
university-level nursing students final exam 2026/2027.
Question 2: Q2: Neoplasia - benign vs malignant and tumor nomenclature?
A. Malignant encapsulated neoplasia
B. Benign metastasizes neoplasia
C. Neoplasia benign encapsulated well-differentiated no metastasis -oma, malignant invasive poorly differentiated metastasis carcinoma sarcoma
D. No difference benign malignant
CORRECT ANSWER: C. Neoplasia benign encapsulated well-differentiated no metastasis -oma, malignant invasive poorly differentiated
metastasis carcinoma sarcoma
RATIONALE:
Rationale: Neoplasia benign encapsulated well-differentiated no metastasis -oma, malignant invasive poorly differentiated metastasis carcinoma sarcoma. Per NURS231
pathophysiology curriculum, McCance Huether Pathophysiology and higher education nursing curriculum for university-level nursing students final exam 2026/2027.
Question 3: Q3: Genetics - Mendelian patterns and chromosomal disorders?
A. Only autosomal dominant genetics
B. No Mendelian patterns genetics
C. No chromosomal disorders genetics
D. Genetics Mendelian autosomal dominant recessive X-linked, chromosomal disorders trisomy Down 21 Klinefelter Turner, multifactorial
CORRECT ANSWER: D. Genetics Mendelian autosomal dominant recessive X-linked, chromosomal disorders trisomy Down 21 Klinefelter
Turner, multifactorial
RATIONALE:
Rationale: Genetics Mendelian autosomal dominant recessive X-linked, chromosomal disorders trisomy Down 21 Klinefelter Turner, multifactorial. Per NURS231
pathophysiology curriculum, McCance Huether Pathophysiology and higher education nursing curriculum for university-level nursing students final exam 2026/2027.
Question 4: Q4: Cardiovascular - heart failure coronary disease shock?
A. Only left heart failure cardiovascular
B. Cardiovascular heart failure left right systolic diastolic, CAD atherosclerosis MI, hypertension, shock cardiogenic distributive hypovolemic obstructive
C. No CAD cardiovascular
D. No shock cardiovascular
CORRECT ANSWER: B. Cardiovascular heart failure left right systolic diastolic, CAD atherosclerosis MI, hypertension, shock cardiogenic
distributive hypovolemic obstructive
RATIONALE:
Rationale: Cardiovascular heart failure left right systolic diastolic, CAD atherosclerosis MI, hypertension, shock cardiogenic distributive hypovolemic obstructive. Per
NURS231 pathophysiology curriculum, McCance Huether Pathophysiology and higher education nursing curriculum for university-level nursing students final exam
2026/2027.
Question 5: Q5: Pulmonary - COPD asthma pneumonia ARDS?
A. Pulmonary obstructive COPD chronic bronchitis emphysema asthma reversible, restrictive fibrosis, pneumonia infection, ARDS diffuse damage
PaO2/FiO2
B. Only COPD pulmonary
C. No asthma pulmonary
D. No ARDS pulmonary
CORRECT ANSWER: A. Pulmonary obstructive COPD chronic bronchitis emphysema asthma reversible, restrictive fibrosis, pneumonia
infection, ARDS diffuse damage PaO2/FiO2
RATIONALE:
Rationale: Pulmonary obstructive COPD chronic bronchitis emphysema asthma reversible, restrictive fibrosis, pneumonia infection, ARDS diffuse damage PaO2/FiO2.
Per NURS231 pathophysiology curriculum, McCance Huether Pathophysiology and higher education nursing curriculum for university-level nursing students final exam
2026/2027.
Question 6: Q6: Renal - AKI CKD glomerular tubular disorders?
A. No CKD renal
B. Only AKI renal
C. Renal AKI prerenal intrarenal postrenal, CKD GFR <60 stages, glomerular nephrotic nephritic, tubular ATN, electrolyte acid-base disorders
D. No glomerular renal disorders
CORRECT ANSWER: C. Renal AKI prerenal intrarenal postrenal, CKD GFR <60 stages, glomerular nephrotic nephritic, tubular ATN, electrolyte
acid-base disorders
RATIONALE:
Rationale: Renal AKI prerenal intrarenal postrenal, CKD GFR <60 stages, glomerular nephrotic nephritic, tubular ATN, electrolyte acid-base disorders. Per NURS231
pathophysiology curriculum, McCance Huether Pathophysiology and higher education nursing curriculum for university-level nursing students final exam 2026/2027.
Page 3 - NURS231 Pathophysiology Final 150Q 2026/2027
, Question 7: Q7: Neurological - stroke seizures increased ICP?
A. No seizures neurological
B. Only ischemic stroke neurological
C. No ICP neurological
D. Neurological stroke ischemic hemorrhagic, seizures partial generalized, increased ICP Cushing triad, TBI, degenerative Parkinson Alzheimer
CORRECT ANSWER: D. Neurological stroke ischemic hemorrhagic, seizures partial generalized, increased ICP Cushing triad, TBI,
degenerative Parkinson Alzheimer
RATIONALE:
Rationale: Neurological stroke ischemic hemorrhagic, seizures partial generalized, increased ICP Cushing triad, TBI, degenerative Parkinson Alzheimer. Per NURS231
pathophysiology curriculum, McCance Huether Pathophysiology and higher education nursing curriculum for university-level nursing students final exam 2026/2027.
Question 8: Q8: Endocrine - diabetes thyroid adrenal pituitary?
A. Only Type1 diabetes endocrine
B. Endocrine diabetes Type1 Type2 complications DKA HHS micro macrovascular, thyroid hypo hyper, adrenal Addison Cushing, pituitary
C. No thyroid endocrine
D. No adrenal endocrine
CORRECT ANSWER: B. Endocrine diabetes Type1 Type2 complications DKA HHS micro macrovascular, thyroid hypo hyper, adrenal Addison
Cushing, pituitary
RATIONALE:
Rationale: Endocrine diabetes Type1 Type2 complications DKA HHS micro macrovascular, thyroid hypo hyper, adrenal Addison Cushing, pituitary. Per NURS231
pathophysiology curriculum, McCance Huether Pathophysiology and higher education nursing curriculum for university-level nursing students final exam 2026/2027.
Question 9: Q9: GI - liver failure pancreatitis IBD?
A. GI liver failure cirrhosis portal hypertension, pancreatitis acute chronic, IBD Crohn ulcerative colitis, peptic ulcer, bowel obstruction
B. No liver failure GI
C. No pancreatitis GI
D. No IBD GI
CORRECT ANSWER: A. GI liver failure cirrhosis portal hypertension, pancreatitis acute chronic, IBD Crohn ulcerative colitis, peptic ulcer,
bowel obstruction
RATIONALE:
Rationale: GI liver failure cirrhosis portal hypertension, pancreatitis acute chronic, IBD Crohn ulcerative colitis, peptic ulcer, bowel obstruction. Per NURS231
pathophysiology curriculum, McCance Huether Pathophysiology and higher education nursing curriculum for university-level nursing students final exam 2026/2027.
Question 10: Q10: Musculoskeletal - osteoporosis fractures arthritis?
A. Only osteoarthritis musculoskeletal
B. No osteoporosis musculoskeletal
C. Musculoskeletal osteoporosis low BMD fractures, arthritis osteoarthritis rheumatoid gout, muscular dystrophy, bone healing
D. No fractures musculoskeletal
CORRECT ANSWER: C. Musculoskeletal osteoporosis low BMD fractures, arthritis osteoarthritis rheumatoid gout, muscular dystrophy, bone
healing
RATIONALE:
Rationale: Musculoskeletal osteoporosis low BMD fractures, arthritis osteoarthritis rheumatoid gout, muscular dystrophy, bone healing. Per NURS231 pathophysiology
curriculum, McCance Huether Pathophysiology and higher education nursing curriculum for university-level nursing students final exam 2026/2027.
Page 4 - NURS231 Pathophysiology Final 150Q 2026/2027
2026/2027 ACADEMIC YEAR | VERIFIED Q&A | UNIVERSITY-LEVEL NURSING STUDENTS
NURS231
PATHO FINAL
2026/2027
NURS231 Pathophysiology Final
Higher Education Nursing Curriculum
2026/2027 Academic Year | Verified Q&A for University-Level
Nursing Students | Final Actual Verified Exam
150Q VERIFIED NEWEST EXAM RATIONALES
FINAL EXAM 2026/2027 UNIVERSITY
INCLUDES:
• Cellular Adaptation, Inflammation, Immunity, Neoplasia, Genetics
• Cardio, Pulmonary, Renal, Neuro, Endocrine, GI, Musculoskeletal Patho
• 150 Verified Questions + Answers + Detailed Rationales | NURS231 Final
• Professional Study Guide | Borders + Page Numbers | 2026/2027 Edition
NURS231 Pathophysiology Final | Higher Ed Nursing | Not affiliated
Confidential Study Guide - Educational Purposes Only | 2026/2027 Edition
,Cellular Mechanisms Inflammation Neoplasia Genetics General Patho
Description: Cellular adaptation responses to stress increased demand atrophy decrease cell size number due to disuse denervation decreased blood ischemia inadequate
nutrition, hypertrophy increase cell size increased workload physiological pregnancy exercise pathological hypertension, hyperplasia increase number cells hormonal
physiological pregnancy compensatory liver regeneration pathological BPH, metaplasia reversible replacement one mature cell type another Barrett esophagus squamous
to columnar due to chronic irritation, dysplasia disordered growth precancerous cervical dysplasia, cellular injury reversible hydropic fatty change irreversible necrosis
apoptosis, cell death necrosis coagulative liquefactive caseous fat gangrenous vs apoptosis programmed caspase, intracellular accumulations, inflammation acute cardinal
signs rubor calor tumor dolor functio laesa, vascular permeability, mediators histamine prostaglandins leukotrienes cytokines, chronic granulomatous, healing regeneration
labile stable permanent cells repair fibrosis, neoplasia new growth benign vs malignant characteristics differentiation anaplasia rate growth local invasion metastasis,
nomenclature benign -oma lipoma carcinoma epithelial malignant sarcoma mesenchymal, carcinogenesis initiation promotion progression, tumor markers, genetics
Mendelian patterns autosomal dominant Huntington Marfan, autosomal recessive CF sickle cell, X-linked dominant recessive hemophilia Duchenne, chromosomal
aneuploidy trisomy Down 21 Edwards 18 Patau 13 monosomy Turner 45X Klinefelter 47XXY, multifactorial polygenic, epigenetics, fluid electrolyte acid-base imbalances
NURS231 foundational.
Cardiovascular Pulmonary Renal Neurological Pathophysiology
Description: Cardiovascular pathophysiology heart anatomy physiology cardiac cycle, heart failure syndrome inability pump sufficient CO to meet metabolic demands
left-sided pulmonary congestion dyspnea orthopnea paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea crackles, right-sided systemic congestion peripheral edema JVD hepatomegaly,
systolic failure reduced EF <40% decreased contractility, diastolic failure preserved EF impaired filling, neurohormonal compensatory RAAS sympathetic hypertrophy,
coronary artery disease atherosclerosis plaque LDL endothelial dysfunction angina stable unstable Prinzmetal, MI myocardial infarction STEMI NSTEMI necrosis troponin,
hypertension primary secondary complications, shock inadequate tissue perfusion cardiogenic pump failure distributive vasodilation septic anaphylactic neurogenic,
hypovolemic blood loss, obstructive tamponade PE, dysrhythmias, pulmonary pathophysiology ventilation perfusion V/Q 0.8 shunt dead space hypoxia mechanisms
hypoventilation diffusion impairment, obstructive lung diseases airflow limitation COPD GOLD criteria FEV1/FVC <70% chronic bronchitis productive cough 3 months 2
years emphysema alveolar wall destruction centrilobular panacinar, asthma reversible bronchospasm airway hyperresponsiveness inflammation, bronchiectasis, restrictive
decreased lung compliance interstitial fibrosis chest wall neuromuscular pleural, pneumonia community hospital ventilator, ARDS Berlin definition PaO2/FiO2 <300 diffuse
alveolar damage, pulmonary edema cardiogenic noncardiogenic, pulmonary hypertension, renal pathophysiology kidney functions, glomerular filtration GFR normal
90-120, AKI Acute Kidney Injury KDIGO criteria increased creatinine 0.3 mg/dL oliguria <0.5 mL/kg/hr 6 hr prerenal hypoperfusion hypovolemia decreased CO, intrarenal
ATN nephrotoxic contrast aminoglycoside ischemic glomerulonephritis, postrenal obstruction BPH stones, CKD Chronic Kidney Disease GFR <60 >3 months stages 1-5
A1-A3 albuminuria complications anemia mineral bone disorder uremia, glomerular disorders nephrotic proteinuria >3.5 g/day edema hyperlipidemia, nephritic hematuria
hypertension, tubular interstitial, fluid electrolyte disorders, neurological increased ICP Monro-Kellie, stroke ischemic thrombotic embolic hemorrhagic ICH SAH, seizures
epilepsy classification, TBI, neurodegenerative Parkinson dopamine Alzheimer amyloid, multiple sclerosis demyelination.
Endocrine GI Musculoskeletal Integration Nursing Patho Final
Description: Endocrine pathophysiology hormones negative feedback, diabetes mellitus prevalence Type 1 autoimmune beta cell destruction absolute insulin deficiency
onset young DKA Diabetic Ketoacidosis hyperglycemia >250 ketones acidosis Kussmaul, Type 2 insulin resistance relative deficiency obesity metabolic syndrome onset
adult complications acute hypoglycemia DKA HHS Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State >600 no ketosis, chronic microvascular retinopathy blindness nephropathy CKD
neuropathy sensory motor autonomic, macrovascular CAD MI stroke PAD, thyroid hypothyroidism Hashimoto low T3 T4 high TSH myxedema coma, hyperthyroidism
Graves toxic nodule high T3 T4 low TSH thyrotoxicosis thyroid storm, adrenal insufficiency Addison autoimmune low cortisol ACTH high hyperpigmentation,
hypercortisolism Cushing iatrogenic pituitary, pituitary hypo hyper, GI pathophysiology liver failure functions metabolism detox synthesis, cirrhosis fibrosis portal
hypertension varices ascites encephalopathy, hepatitis viral alcoholic, cholelithiasis, pancreatitis acute autodigestion amylase lipase chronic calcification diabetes, IBD
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Crohn transmural skip lesions anywhere GI ulcerative colitis continuous colon only mucosa, IBS functional, peptic ulcer H pylori NSAID, bowel
obstruction mechanical functional, musculoskeletal osteoporosis low bone mineral density T-score <-2.5 primary postmenopausal secondary, fractures types healing
phases, arthritis osteoarthritis degenerative wear tear, rheumatoid autoimmune systemic synovitis, gout hyperuricemia monosodium urate crystals, musculoskeletal
infections, NURS231 Pathophysiology Final integration nursing process assessment manifestations diagnostics labs imaging collaborative management for university-level
nursing students higher education curriculum 2026/2027 comprehensive review cellular to systems.
Page 2 - NURS231 Pathophysiology Final 150Q 2026/2027
,Question 1: Q1: Cellular adaptation - atrophy hypertrophy hyperplasia metaplasia dysplasia?
A. Cellular adaptation atrophy decrease size, hypertrophy increase size, hyperplasia increase number, metaplasia one mature cell type to another,
dysplasia disordered growth precancerous
B. Atrophy increase size cellular adaptation
C. Hypertrophy decrease size cellular adaptation
D. No metaplasia cellular adaptation
CORRECT ANSWER: A. Cellular adaptation atrophy decrease size, hypertrophy increase size, hyperplasia increase number, metaplasia one
mature cell type to another, dysplasia disordered growth precancerous
RATIONALE:
Rationale: Cellular adaptation atrophy decrease size, hypertrophy increase size, hyperplasia increase number, metaplasia one mature cell type to another, dysplasia
disordered growth precancerous. Per NURS231 pathophysiology curriculum, McCance Huether Pathophysiology and higher education nursing curriculum for
university-level nursing students final exam 2026/2027.
Question 2: Q2: Neoplasia - benign vs malignant and tumor nomenclature?
A. Malignant encapsulated neoplasia
B. Benign metastasizes neoplasia
C. Neoplasia benign encapsulated well-differentiated no metastasis -oma, malignant invasive poorly differentiated metastasis carcinoma sarcoma
D. No difference benign malignant
CORRECT ANSWER: C. Neoplasia benign encapsulated well-differentiated no metastasis -oma, malignant invasive poorly differentiated
metastasis carcinoma sarcoma
RATIONALE:
Rationale: Neoplasia benign encapsulated well-differentiated no metastasis -oma, malignant invasive poorly differentiated metastasis carcinoma sarcoma. Per NURS231
pathophysiology curriculum, McCance Huether Pathophysiology and higher education nursing curriculum for university-level nursing students final exam 2026/2027.
Question 3: Q3: Genetics - Mendelian patterns and chromosomal disorders?
A. Only autosomal dominant genetics
B. No Mendelian patterns genetics
C. No chromosomal disorders genetics
D. Genetics Mendelian autosomal dominant recessive X-linked, chromosomal disorders trisomy Down 21 Klinefelter Turner, multifactorial
CORRECT ANSWER: D. Genetics Mendelian autosomal dominant recessive X-linked, chromosomal disorders trisomy Down 21 Klinefelter
Turner, multifactorial
RATIONALE:
Rationale: Genetics Mendelian autosomal dominant recessive X-linked, chromosomal disorders trisomy Down 21 Klinefelter Turner, multifactorial. Per NURS231
pathophysiology curriculum, McCance Huether Pathophysiology and higher education nursing curriculum for university-level nursing students final exam 2026/2027.
Question 4: Q4: Cardiovascular - heart failure coronary disease shock?
A. Only left heart failure cardiovascular
B. Cardiovascular heart failure left right systolic diastolic, CAD atherosclerosis MI, hypertension, shock cardiogenic distributive hypovolemic obstructive
C. No CAD cardiovascular
D. No shock cardiovascular
CORRECT ANSWER: B. Cardiovascular heart failure left right systolic diastolic, CAD atherosclerosis MI, hypertension, shock cardiogenic
distributive hypovolemic obstructive
RATIONALE:
Rationale: Cardiovascular heart failure left right systolic diastolic, CAD atherosclerosis MI, hypertension, shock cardiogenic distributive hypovolemic obstructive. Per
NURS231 pathophysiology curriculum, McCance Huether Pathophysiology and higher education nursing curriculum for university-level nursing students final exam
2026/2027.
Question 5: Q5: Pulmonary - COPD asthma pneumonia ARDS?
A. Pulmonary obstructive COPD chronic bronchitis emphysema asthma reversible, restrictive fibrosis, pneumonia infection, ARDS diffuse damage
PaO2/FiO2
B. Only COPD pulmonary
C. No asthma pulmonary
D. No ARDS pulmonary
CORRECT ANSWER: A. Pulmonary obstructive COPD chronic bronchitis emphysema asthma reversible, restrictive fibrosis, pneumonia
infection, ARDS diffuse damage PaO2/FiO2
RATIONALE:
Rationale: Pulmonary obstructive COPD chronic bronchitis emphysema asthma reversible, restrictive fibrosis, pneumonia infection, ARDS diffuse damage PaO2/FiO2.
Per NURS231 pathophysiology curriculum, McCance Huether Pathophysiology and higher education nursing curriculum for university-level nursing students final exam
2026/2027.
Question 6: Q6: Renal - AKI CKD glomerular tubular disorders?
A. No CKD renal
B. Only AKI renal
C. Renal AKI prerenal intrarenal postrenal, CKD GFR <60 stages, glomerular nephrotic nephritic, tubular ATN, electrolyte acid-base disorders
D. No glomerular renal disorders
CORRECT ANSWER: C. Renal AKI prerenal intrarenal postrenal, CKD GFR <60 stages, glomerular nephrotic nephritic, tubular ATN, electrolyte
acid-base disorders
RATIONALE:
Rationale: Renal AKI prerenal intrarenal postrenal, CKD GFR <60 stages, glomerular nephrotic nephritic, tubular ATN, electrolyte acid-base disorders. Per NURS231
pathophysiology curriculum, McCance Huether Pathophysiology and higher education nursing curriculum for university-level nursing students final exam 2026/2027.
Page 3 - NURS231 Pathophysiology Final 150Q 2026/2027
, Question 7: Q7: Neurological - stroke seizures increased ICP?
A. No seizures neurological
B. Only ischemic stroke neurological
C. No ICP neurological
D. Neurological stroke ischemic hemorrhagic, seizures partial generalized, increased ICP Cushing triad, TBI, degenerative Parkinson Alzheimer
CORRECT ANSWER: D. Neurological stroke ischemic hemorrhagic, seizures partial generalized, increased ICP Cushing triad, TBI,
degenerative Parkinson Alzheimer
RATIONALE:
Rationale: Neurological stroke ischemic hemorrhagic, seizures partial generalized, increased ICP Cushing triad, TBI, degenerative Parkinson Alzheimer. Per NURS231
pathophysiology curriculum, McCance Huether Pathophysiology and higher education nursing curriculum for university-level nursing students final exam 2026/2027.
Question 8: Q8: Endocrine - diabetes thyroid adrenal pituitary?
A. Only Type1 diabetes endocrine
B. Endocrine diabetes Type1 Type2 complications DKA HHS micro macrovascular, thyroid hypo hyper, adrenal Addison Cushing, pituitary
C. No thyroid endocrine
D. No adrenal endocrine
CORRECT ANSWER: B. Endocrine diabetes Type1 Type2 complications DKA HHS micro macrovascular, thyroid hypo hyper, adrenal Addison
Cushing, pituitary
RATIONALE:
Rationale: Endocrine diabetes Type1 Type2 complications DKA HHS micro macrovascular, thyroid hypo hyper, adrenal Addison Cushing, pituitary. Per NURS231
pathophysiology curriculum, McCance Huether Pathophysiology and higher education nursing curriculum for university-level nursing students final exam 2026/2027.
Question 9: Q9: GI - liver failure pancreatitis IBD?
A. GI liver failure cirrhosis portal hypertension, pancreatitis acute chronic, IBD Crohn ulcerative colitis, peptic ulcer, bowel obstruction
B. No liver failure GI
C. No pancreatitis GI
D. No IBD GI
CORRECT ANSWER: A. GI liver failure cirrhosis portal hypertension, pancreatitis acute chronic, IBD Crohn ulcerative colitis, peptic ulcer,
bowel obstruction
RATIONALE:
Rationale: GI liver failure cirrhosis portal hypertension, pancreatitis acute chronic, IBD Crohn ulcerative colitis, peptic ulcer, bowel obstruction. Per NURS231
pathophysiology curriculum, McCance Huether Pathophysiology and higher education nursing curriculum for university-level nursing students final exam 2026/2027.
Question 10: Q10: Musculoskeletal - osteoporosis fractures arthritis?
A. Only osteoarthritis musculoskeletal
B. No osteoporosis musculoskeletal
C. Musculoskeletal osteoporosis low BMD fractures, arthritis osteoarthritis rheumatoid gout, muscular dystrophy, bone healing
D. No fractures musculoskeletal
CORRECT ANSWER: C. Musculoskeletal osteoporosis low BMD fractures, arthritis osteoarthritis rheumatoid gout, muscular dystrophy, bone
healing
RATIONALE:
Rationale: Musculoskeletal osteoporosis low BMD fractures, arthritis osteoarthritis rheumatoid gout, muscular dystrophy, bone healing. Per NURS231 pathophysiology
curriculum, McCance Huether Pathophysiology and higher education nursing curriculum for university-level nursing students final exam 2026/2027.
Page 4 - NURS231 Pathophysiology Final 150Q 2026/2027
