Jersey College Pathophysiology Midterm Exam
Primary level of prevention Protect healthy people from developing a disease or experiencing an injury in
the first place
Secondary level of prevention Happens after an illness or serious risk factors have already been diagnosed.
Tertiary level of protection Focuses on helping people manage complicated, long-term health problems
Biopsy Examination of living tissue
Prognosis The probability of specific outcomes
Etiology study of the cause of disease
Epidemiology The science of tracking the pattern or occurrence of disease
Latent Stage "silent stage" No clinical signs are evident, characterizes some diseases
Acute Stage Short-term that develops quickly with marked signs
Chronic Stage Often milder developing gradually
Morbidity The disease rates within a group
Mortality Indicate the relative number of deaths resulting from a particular disease
Symptoms Subjective feelings, such as pain or nausea
Precipitating Factor condition that triggers an acute episode (seizure)
Remission mark the course or progress of a disease; manifestations subside
Complication new, secondary or additional problems that arise after the original disease
begin
Apoptosis Cell death
Atrophy Decrease in the size of cells
, Jersey College Pathophysiology Midterm Exam
Anaplasia cells that are undifferentiated with variable nuclear and cell structures
What is gangrene? An area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria.
Why does gangrene smell? May cause a buildup of gases with tissue and further reduce blood supply
Hypertrophy Increase in the size of individual cells
Dysplasia cells vary in size and shape, large nuclei are frequently present
Signs & Symptoms of dehydration Dry mucous membranes, decreased skin turgor, Low BP, Low pulse, fatigue,
Increased HCT, decreased mental function, confusion, and loss of
consciousness
Serum Sodium Level: 135-145 mEq/L
Hyponatremia (low Na+ <1345 mEq/L ) -s/s:Anorexia, nausea, cramps, fatigue, lethargy, muscle weakness, headache,
confusion, seizures, decreased BP
Hypernatremia (high Na+ >145 mEq/L ) -an excessive Na+ level in the blood & extracellular fluids
-s/s:Thirst, tongue/mucosa are dry & sticky, weakness, lethargy, agitation,
edema, elevated BP
potassium level (K+) 3.5-5.5
Hypokalemia (low K+ <3.5 mEq/L) Cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, anorexia, nausea, constipation, fatigue,
muscle twitch, weakness, leg cramps, shallow respirations, paresthesias,
postural hypotension, polyuria, nocturia, Serum pH elevated (alkalosis)
Hyperkalemia (high K+ >5 mEq/L) Arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, nausea, diarrhea, muscle weakness, paralysis
beginning in legs, parathesias (finger, toes, face, tongue) oliguria, Serum pH
decreased (acidosis)
Hypocalcemia (low Ca++ <2.2 mmol/L) Tetany (involuntary skeletal muscle spasm, carpopedal spasm, laryngospasm),
tingling fingers, mental confusion, irritability, arrhythmias, weak hear
contractions
Normal Serum pH 7.35-7.45
COPD: Acidosis or Alkalosis? Respiratory Acidosis
, Jersey College Pathophysiology Midterm Exam
Therapeutic desired action by stimulating or inhibiting cell function
Idiosyncratic Paradoxic; Unexpected or unusual responses to drugs
Pain is what? Subjective, unpleasant sensation, feeling of discomfort resulting from
stimulation of pain receptors
Referred pain with common examples Pain is perceived at a site distant from the source; pain in the left neck and arm
for heart attack or ischemia of the heart; Pain in the shoulder due to stretching
of the diaphragm
Phantom pain Pain or another sensation such as itching or tingling after amputation
Central Pain pain that is caused by dysfunction or damage to the brain or spinal cord. Ex:
abscess, infarction, hemorrhage, tumor, or damage
Ischemic Pain profound, sudden loss of blood flow to an organ or tissues in a specific area of
the body. Ex: aching, burning or prickling to a shooting pain
What causes inflammation Direct physical damage, caustic chemicals, ischemia or infarction, allergic
reactions, extremes of heat or cold, foreign bodies
What does Erythrosedimentation (ESR) tell us? The rate at which RBC's settle out of a blood specimen (containing
anticoagulant); an elevation in ESR is a general characteristic of inflammation.
Serous Drainage WATERY exudates consist primarily of fluid w/small amounts of protein & WBCs
Purulent Drainage exudates are thick, YELLOW-GREEN in color, and contain more leukocytes and
cell debris as well as microorganisms.
Signs & symptoms of inflammation mild fever, malaise (feeling unwell), fatigue, headache, and anorexia
What cells respond to inflammation? Neutrophils
Adverse effects of steriods Atrophy of lymphoid tissue and reduced numbers of WBCs, Catabolic effects
(increased tissue breakdown with decreased protein synthesis) osteoporosis,
muscle wasting, and tendency of thinning and breakdown of skin and mucosa,
delayed healing, delayed growth in children, retention of sodium and water
often leading to high BP and edema
Primary level of prevention Protect healthy people from developing a disease or experiencing an injury in
the first place
Secondary level of prevention Happens after an illness or serious risk factors have already been diagnosed.
Tertiary level of protection Focuses on helping people manage complicated, long-term health problems
Biopsy Examination of living tissue
Prognosis The probability of specific outcomes
Etiology study of the cause of disease
Epidemiology The science of tracking the pattern or occurrence of disease
Latent Stage "silent stage" No clinical signs are evident, characterizes some diseases
Acute Stage Short-term that develops quickly with marked signs
Chronic Stage Often milder developing gradually
Morbidity The disease rates within a group
Mortality Indicate the relative number of deaths resulting from a particular disease
Symptoms Subjective feelings, such as pain or nausea
Precipitating Factor condition that triggers an acute episode (seizure)
Remission mark the course or progress of a disease; manifestations subside
Complication new, secondary or additional problems that arise after the original disease
begin
Apoptosis Cell death
Atrophy Decrease in the size of cells
, Jersey College Pathophysiology Midterm Exam
Anaplasia cells that are undifferentiated with variable nuclear and cell structures
What is gangrene? An area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria.
Why does gangrene smell? May cause a buildup of gases with tissue and further reduce blood supply
Hypertrophy Increase in the size of individual cells
Dysplasia cells vary in size and shape, large nuclei are frequently present
Signs & Symptoms of dehydration Dry mucous membranes, decreased skin turgor, Low BP, Low pulse, fatigue,
Increased HCT, decreased mental function, confusion, and loss of
consciousness
Serum Sodium Level: 135-145 mEq/L
Hyponatremia (low Na+ <1345 mEq/L ) -s/s:Anorexia, nausea, cramps, fatigue, lethargy, muscle weakness, headache,
confusion, seizures, decreased BP
Hypernatremia (high Na+ >145 mEq/L ) -an excessive Na+ level in the blood & extracellular fluids
-s/s:Thirst, tongue/mucosa are dry & sticky, weakness, lethargy, agitation,
edema, elevated BP
potassium level (K+) 3.5-5.5
Hypokalemia (low K+ <3.5 mEq/L) Cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, anorexia, nausea, constipation, fatigue,
muscle twitch, weakness, leg cramps, shallow respirations, paresthesias,
postural hypotension, polyuria, nocturia, Serum pH elevated (alkalosis)
Hyperkalemia (high K+ >5 mEq/L) Arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, nausea, diarrhea, muscle weakness, paralysis
beginning in legs, parathesias (finger, toes, face, tongue) oliguria, Serum pH
decreased (acidosis)
Hypocalcemia (low Ca++ <2.2 mmol/L) Tetany (involuntary skeletal muscle spasm, carpopedal spasm, laryngospasm),
tingling fingers, mental confusion, irritability, arrhythmias, weak hear
contractions
Normal Serum pH 7.35-7.45
COPD: Acidosis or Alkalosis? Respiratory Acidosis
, Jersey College Pathophysiology Midterm Exam
Therapeutic desired action by stimulating or inhibiting cell function
Idiosyncratic Paradoxic; Unexpected or unusual responses to drugs
Pain is what? Subjective, unpleasant sensation, feeling of discomfort resulting from
stimulation of pain receptors
Referred pain with common examples Pain is perceived at a site distant from the source; pain in the left neck and arm
for heart attack or ischemia of the heart; Pain in the shoulder due to stretching
of the diaphragm
Phantom pain Pain or another sensation such as itching or tingling after amputation
Central Pain pain that is caused by dysfunction or damage to the brain or spinal cord. Ex:
abscess, infarction, hemorrhage, tumor, or damage
Ischemic Pain profound, sudden loss of blood flow to an organ or tissues in a specific area of
the body. Ex: aching, burning or prickling to a shooting pain
What causes inflammation Direct physical damage, caustic chemicals, ischemia or infarction, allergic
reactions, extremes of heat or cold, foreign bodies
What does Erythrosedimentation (ESR) tell us? The rate at which RBC's settle out of a blood specimen (containing
anticoagulant); an elevation in ESR is a general characteristic of inflammation.
Serous Drainage WATERY exudates consist primarily of fluid w/small amounts of protein & WBCs
Purulent Drainage exudates are thick, YELLOW-GREEN in color, and contain more leukocytes and
cell debris as well as microorganisms.
Signs & symptoms of inflammation mild fever, malaise (feeling unwell), fatigue, headache, and anorexia
What cells respond to inflammation? Neutrophils
Adverse effects of steriods Atrophy of lymphoid tissue and reduced numbers of WBCs, Catabolic effects
(increased tissue breakdown with decreased protein synthesis) osteoporosis,
muscle wasting, and tendency of thinning and breakdown of skin and mucosa,
delayed healing, delayed growth in children, retention of sodium and water
often leading to high BP and edema
