NURS 240 Exam 1 – Questions With Accurate Answers
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Terms in this set (212)
What are normal cells restricted by? A narrow range of structure and function, including
metabolism and specialization
Cells can ___________ to physiologic Adapt!
demands or stress to maintain a steady
state called homeostasis
What is adaptation? A reversible, structured, or functional response to a
normal or physiologic condition and to adverse or
pathologic conditions
- most adaptations are temporarily successful, but
severe or sustained stressors overwhelm the adaptive
process and cellular injury or death occurs
,What are some examples of cells 1. Uterus adapting to pregnancy
adapting? 2. Hypertension causing myocardial cells to increase in
size to allow increased work of pumping blood through
the body
3. Hypertension causing heart (left ventricle) to grow in
size
What causes cellular injury? Any factor that disrupts cellular structure or deprives
the cell of oxygen and nutrients required for survival
Injury to a cell maybe ____________ or Reversible (sublethal) OR irreversible (lethal)
___________________
How can cellular death be confirmed? By structural changes seen when cells are stained and
examined under a microscope, usually done by a
pathologist
What are the two main types of cellular Necrosis and apoptosis, both can initiate autophagy that
death? results in cell death
What is Autophagy? Cell eating its self after being damaged, results in cell
death
Cellular aging causes ..... structural and functional changes that eventually may
lead to cellular death
An adapted cell is neither ________ or normal OR injured, but is somewhere in between
___________
What are some ways a cell adapts? Changes in size, number, phenotype, metabolic activity,
or function
- is reversible
,What is Atrophy? An adaptation where the cell decreases in size, can be
both physiologic and pathologic
1. Physiologic = common in early development, seen in
thymus atrophy during early development
2. Pathologic = occurs in organs due to a decrease in
workload, seen in skeletal muscle after an area is
immobilized (EX: cast)
What is Hypertrophy? An adaptation where the cell increases in size, can be
both physiologic or pathologic
1. Physiologic = results from increased demand, such as
moderate endurance exercise training and pregnancy
2. Pathologic = results from chronic hemodynamic
(blood flow) overload, such as hypertrophy resulting
from hypertension
What is Hyperplasia? An adaptation where the cells increase in cell number,
can be both physiologic and pathologic
1. Physiologic = two types
- Compensatory = adaptive mechanism that allows
organs to regenerate (callus)
- Hormonal = occurs to organs that respond to
endocrine hormonal stimuli (growth of endometrium in
preparation of a fertilized ovum)
2. Pathologic = abnormal proliferation of cells, seen in
endometrium hyperplasia causing excessive menstrual
bleeding
, What is Dysplasia? An adaptation where cell growth becomes deranged,
can be abnormal changes to size, shape, and
organization of mature cells
- is strongly associated with neoplastic (cancer) growth
What is anaplasia? Loss of cell differentiation and tissue organization, which
is often seen in malignant tumors
- anaplasia is similar to dysplasia, but is more advanced
in the fact that it almost always represents cancer
What is Metaplasia? An adaptation where the cell changes in phenotype OR
is replaced with another cell type
- seen when normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells
lining the bronchial airway become replaced with
stratified epithelial cells due to smoking
What are the two ways a cell can 1. Normal cell -> stress -> adapts -> reversible injury ->
respond to injury? normal cell
2. Normal cell -> stress -> does not adapt -> cell injury ->
irreversible injury -> cell death
What are some stimuli that can injure a Chemical agents, hypoxia, free radicals, infectious
cell? agents, physical and mechanical factors, genetic factors,
and nutritional imbalances
What is the single most common cause Hypoxia!
of cell injury?
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Match Blocks Charms NEW
Terms in this set (212)
What are normal cells restricted by? A narrow range of structure and function, including
metabolism and specialization
Cells can ___________ to physiologic Adapt!
demands or stress to maintain a steady
state called homeostasis
What is adaptation? A reversible, structured, or functional response to a
normal or physiologic condition and to adverse or
pathologic conditions
- most adaptations are temporarily successful, but
severe or sustained stressors overwhelm the adaptive
process and cellular injury or death occurs
,What are some examples of cells 1. Uterus adapting to pregnancy
adapting? 2. Hypertension causing myocardial cells to increase in
size to allow increased work of pumping blood through
the body
3. Hypertension causing heart (left ventricle) to grow in
size
What causes cellular injury? Any factor that disrupts cellular structure or deprives
the cell of oxygen and nutrients required for survival
Injury to a cell maybe ____________ or Reversible (sublethal) OR irreversible (lethal)
___________________
How can cellular death be confirmed? By structural changes seen when cells are stained and
examined under a microscope, usually done by a
pathologist
What are the two main types of cellular Necrosis and apoptosis, both can initiate autophagy that
death? results in cell death
What is Autophagy? Cell eating its self after being damaged, results in cell
death
Cellular aging causes ..... structural and functional changes that eventually may
lead to cellular death
An adapted cell is neither ________ or normal OR injured, but is somewhere in between
___________
What are some ways a cell adapts? Changes in size, number, phenotype, metabolic activity,
or function
- is reversible
,What is Atrophy? An adaptation where the cell decreases in size, can be
both physiologic and pathologic
1. Physiologic = common in early development, seen in
thymus atrophy during early development
2. Pathologic = occurs in organs due to a decrease in
workload, seen in skeletal muscle after an area is
immobilized (EX: cast)
What is Hypertrophy? An adaptation where the cell increases in size, can be
both physiologic or pathologic
1. Physiologic = results from increased demand, such as
moderate endurance exercise training and pregnancy
2. Pathologic = results from chronic hemodynamic
(blood flow) overload, such as hypertrophy resulting
from hypertension
What is Hyperplasia? An adaptation where the cells increase in cell number,
can be both physiologic and pathologic
1. Physiologic = two types
- Compensatory = adaptive mechanism that allows
organs to regenerate (callus)
- Hormonal = occurs to organs that respond to
endocrine hormonal stimuli (growth of endometrium in
preparation of a fertilized ovum)
2. Pathologic = abnormal proliferation of cells, seen in
endometrium hyperplasia causing excessive menstrual
bleeding
, What is Dysplasia? An adaptation where cell growth becomes deranged,
can be abnormal changes to size, shape, and
organization of mature cells
- is strongly associated with neoplastic (cancer) growth
What is anaplasia? Loss of cell differentiation and tissue organization, which
is often seen in malignant tumors
- anaplasia is similar to dysplasia, but is more advanced
in the fact that it almost always represents cancer
What is Metaplasia? An adaptation where the cell changes in phenotype OR
is replaced with another cell type
- seen when normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells
lining the bronchial airway become replaced with
stratified epithelial cells due to smoking
What are the two ways a cell can 1. Normal cell -> stress -> adapts -> reversible injury ->
respond to injury? normal cell
2. Normal cell -> stress -> does not adapt -> cell injury ->
irreversible injury -> cell death
What are some stimuli that can injure a Chemical agents, hypoxia, free radicals, infectious
cell? agents, physical and mechanical factors, genetic factors,
and nutritional imbalances
What is the single most common cause Hypoxia!
of cell injury?
