SHARP ESO 2026 /SHARP ESO EXAM PREPARATION NEWEST
VERSION 2026-2027 ACTUAL 160 QUESTION AND CORRECT DETAILED
VERIFIED ANSWERS FROM VERIFIED SOURCES RATED A GRADE.
What is the recommended oxygen delivery method for PEA?
a. O2 at 15 L/minute via ambu bag (10 breaths/minute)
b. O2 at 10 L/minute via non-rebreather mask
c. O2 at 4 L/minute via nasal cannula
d. O2 at 15 L/minute via non-rebreather mask
✔️ Correct Answer: A
Rationale: For PEA, the recommended oxygen delivery method is O2 at
15 L/minute via ambu bag with 10 breaths per minute. This provides
adequate oxygenation and ventilation during CPR. Option B is incorrect
because a non-rebreather mask does not provide assisted ventilation.
Option C is too low for a cardiac arrest situation. Option D provides
oxygen but not assisted ventilation.
What medication is administered for PEA?
a. Epinephrine 1 mg IVP/IO (0.1 mg/mL), repeat every 3-5 minutes
b. Amiodarone 300 mg IVP
c. Atropine 1 mg IVP
d. Lidocaine 1 mg/kg IV
✔️ Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Epinephrine is the primary medication for PEA, administered
as 1 mg IVP/IO (0.1 mg/mL), repeated every 3-5 minutes. Amiodarone
(B) is for VF/pulseless VT. Atropine (C) is for bradycardia. Lidocaine (D) is
for refractory VF/VT.
What is the next step if hypovolemia is known or suspected in PEA?
,a. Infuse 250 mL NS rapid bolus. Repeat in 5 minutes if no clinical
improvement.
b. Administer epinephrine 1 mg IVP
c. Start norepinephrine infusion
d. Administer atropine 1 mg IVP
✔️ Correct Answer: A
Rationale: If hypovolemia is known or suspected in PEA, the next step is
to infuse 250 mL NS rapid bolus, repeating in 5 minutes if no clinical
improvement. If lactated Ringer's (LR) is already infusing, LR may be
used. Option B is the standard epinephrine dose. Option C is for
refractory hypotension. Option D is for bradycardia.
What imaging study is recommended for PEA?
a. Stat chest x-ray (CXR)
b. Stat CT scan of the head
c. Stat echocardiogram
d. Stat abdominal x-ray
✔️ Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A stat chest x-ray (CXR) is recommended for PEA to identify
potential reversible causes such as tension pneumothorax, cardiac
tamponade, or other thoracic pathologies. Options B, C, and D are not
the recommended imaging study for PEA.
What are the criteria for stable ventricular tachycardia?
a. Patient is conscious with a systolic blood pressure (SBP) > 90 and
does not have any unstable signs/symptoms
b. Patient is unconscious with SBP < 90
c. Patient is conscious with SBP < 90
d. Patient has chest pain and shortness of breath
,✔️ Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Stable ventricular tachycardia is defined as a patient who is
conscious with a systolic blood pressure (SBP) > 90 and does not have
any unstable signs or symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath,
or altered mental status. Options B, C, and D describe unstable VT.
How should stable ventricular tachycardia be treated? (Select all that
apply.)
a. Call physician for orders
b. Administer oxygen at a minimum of 4 L/min and titrate to patient
response
c. Obtain a 12-lead ECG
d. Draw serum potassium (K+) and magnesium (Mg++) levels
✔️ Correct Answer: A, B, C, D
Rationale: The treatment for stable VT includes calling the physician for
orders (A), administering oxygen at ≥4 L/min (B), obtaining a 12-lead
ECG (C), and drawing serum K+ and Mg++ levels (D). All options are
correct.
What are the criteria for treating unstable ventricular tachycardia (VT)?
a. Patient must be symptomatic, exhibiting one or more of the
'unstable' symptoms related to the tachycardia
b. Patient must be unconscious
c. Patient must have SBP > 90
d. Patient must have a heart rate < 150
✔️ Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Unstable VT is defined by the presence of symptoms related
to the tachycardia, such as chest pain, shortness of breath,
hypotension, or altered mental status. Unconsciousness (B) is one
, symptom, but not the only criterion. SBP > 90 (C) describes stable VT.
HR < 150 (D) is not a criterion.
How should unstable VT be treated? (Select all that apply.)
a. Immediate synchronized cardioversion
b. Oxygen administration
c. Midazolam for sedation
d. 12-lead ECG
✔️ Correct Answer: A, B, C, D
Rationale: Unstable VT should be treated with immediate synchronized
cardioversion (A), oxygen (B), sedation with midazolam (C), and a 12-
lead ECG (D). All options are correct.
What is the reversal agent for benzodiazepines in the context of treating
unstable VT?
a. Flumazenil (Romazicon) 0.2 mg IVP over 15 seconds
b. Naloxone (Narcan) 0.4 mg IVP
c. Atropine 1 mg IVP
d. Epinephrine 1 mg IVP
✔️ Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Flumazenil (Romazicon) is the reversal agent for
benzodiazepines, administered at 0.2 mg IVP over 15 seconds. Naloxone
(B) is for opioids. Atropine (C) is for bradycardia. Epinephrine (D) is for
cardiac arrest.
What is Ventricular Fibrillation (VF)?
a. Disorganized ventricular depolarization that is irregular and unable to
generate any cardiac output
b. Organized ventricular depolarization with a pulse
VERSION 2026-2027 ACTUAL 160 QUESTION AND CORRECT DETAILED
VERIFIED ANSWERS FROM VERIFIED SOURCES RATED A GRADE.
What is the recommended oxygen delivery method for PEA?
a. O2 at 15 L/minute via ambu bag (10 breaths/minute)
b. O2 at 10 L/minute via non-rebreather mask
c. O2 at 4 L/minute via nasal cannula
d. O2 at 15 L/minute via non-rebreather mask
✔️ Correct Answer: A
Rationale: For PEA, the recommended oxygen delivery method is O2 at
15 L/minute via ambu bag with 10 breaths per minute. This provides
adequate oxygenation and ventilation during CPR. Option B is incorrect
because a non-rebreather mask does not provide assisted ventilation.
Option C is too low for a cardiac arrest situation. Option D provides
oxygen but not assisted ventilation.
What medication is administered for PEA?
a. Epinephrine 1 mg IVP/IO (0.1 mg/mL), repeat every 3-5 minutes
b. Amiodarone 300 mg IVP
c. Atropine 1 mg IVP
d. Lidocaine 1 mg/kg IV
✔️ Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Epinephrine is the primary medication for PEA, administered
as 1 mg IVP/IO (0.1 mg/mL), repeated every 3-5 minutes. Amiodarone
(B) is for VF/pulseless VT. Atropine (C) is for bradycardia. Lidocaine (D) is
for refractory VF/VT.
What is the next step if hypovolemia is known or suspected in PEA?
,a. Infuse 250 mL NS rapid bolus. Repeat in 5 minutes if no clinical
improvement.
b. Administer epinephrine 1 mg IVP
c. Start norepinephrine infusion
d. Administer atropine 1 mg IVP
✔️ Correct Answer: A
Rationale: If hypovolemia is known or suspected in PEA, the next step is
to infuse 250 mL NS rapid bolus, repeating in 5 minutes if no clinical
improvement. If lactated Ringer's (LR) is already infusing, LR may be
used. Option B is the standard epinephrine dose. Option C is for
refractory hypotension. Option D is for bradycardia.
What imaging study is recommended for PEA?
a. Stat chest x-ray (CXR)
b. Stat CT scan of the head
c. Stat echocardiogram
d. Stat abdominal x-ray
✔️ Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A stat chest x-ray (CXR) is recommended for PEA to identify
potential reversible causes such as tension pneumothorax, cardiac
tamponade, or other thoracic pathologies. Options B, C, and D are not
the recommended imaging study for PEA.
What are the criteria for stable ventricular tachycardia?
a. Patient is conscious with a systolic blood pressure (SBP) > 90 and
does not have any unstable signs/symptoms
b. Patient is unconscious with SBP < 90
c. Patient is conscious with SBP < 90
d. Patient has chest pain and shortness of breath
,✔️ Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Stable ventricular tachycardia is defined as a patient who is
conscious with a systolic blood pressure (SBP) > 90 and does not have
any unstable signs or symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath,
or altered mental status. Options B, C, and D describe unstable VT.
How should stable ventricular tachycardia be treated? (Select all that
apply.)
a. Call physician for orders
b. Administer oxygen at a minimum of 4 L/min and titrate to patient
response
c. Obtain a 12-lead ECG
d. Draw serum potassium (K+) and magnesium (Mg++) levels
✔️ Correct Answer: A, B, C, D
Rationale: The treatment for stable VT includes calling the physician for
orders (A), administering oxygen at ≥4 L/min (B), obtaining a 12-lead
ECG (C), and drawing serum K+ and Mg++ levels (D). All options are
correct.
What are the criteria for treating unstable ventricular tachycardia (VT)?
a. Patient must be symptomatic, exhibiting one or more of the
'unstable' symptoms related to the tachycardia
b. Patient must be unconscious
c. Patient must have SBP > 90
d. Patient must have a heart rate < 150
✔️ Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Unstable VT is defined by the presence of symptoms related
to the tachycardia, such as chest pain, shortness of breath,
hypotension, or altered mental status. Unconsciousness (B) is one
, symptom, but not the only criterion. SBP > 90 (C) describes stable VT.
HR < 150 (D) is not a criterion.
How should unstable VT be treated? (Select all that apply.)
a. Immediate synchronized cardioversion
b. Oxygen administration
c. Midazolam for sedation
d. 12-lead ECG
✔️ Correct Answer: A, B, C, D
Rationale: Unstable VT should be treated with immediate synchronized
cardioversion (A), oxygen (B), sedation with midazolam (C), and a 12-
lead ECG (D). All options are correct.
What is the reversal agent for benzodiazepines in the context of treating
unstable VT?
a. Flumazenil (Romazicon) 0.2 mg IVP over 15 seconds
b. Naloxone (Narcan) 0.4 mg IVP
c. Atropine 1 mg IVP
d. Epinephrine 1 mg IVP
✔️ Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Flumazenil (Romazicon) is the reversal agent for
benzodiazepines, administered at 0.2 mg IVP over 15 seconds. Naloxone
(B) is for opioids. Atropine (C) is for bradycardia. Epinephrine (D) is for
cardiac arrest.
What is Ventricular Fibrillation (VF)?
a. Disorganized ventricular depolarization that is irregular and unable to
generate any cardiac output
b. Organized ventricular depolarization with a pulse
