Nursing Fundamentals Final Exam 2026/2027 | 200+ Questions & Answers | Patient Safety, Infection Control, Vital Signs, ADLs, Mobility, Elimination & Resident Rights

This Nursing Fundamentals Final Exam 2026/2027 is a comprehensive 70-page exam preparation resource containing 200+ multiple-choice, True/False and short-answer questions with answers, presented in the document as “Already Graded A+.” It covers the major foundations of bedside nursing and nursing-assistant care, including patient and resident rights, privacy, scope of practice, communication, documentation, nursing process, infection control, Standard Precautions, restraints, safety, hygiene, mobility, vital signs, pressure-injury prevention, nutrition, elimination, specimen collection, common diseases, dementia and end-of-life care. No specific course code or university is identified in the uploaded material, so these details should not be invented for the listing. The first portion emphasizes privacy, professional responsibilities and scope of practice. The opening question asks where a discussion about a resident's newly developed bedsore should occur and identifies a private setting as the correct choice. Subsequent questions distinguish tasks that nursing assistants can perform from those outside their role, with reporting changes in a resident's condition to the nurse identified as an appropriate responsibility. The material also reviews assisted living, assistive personnel, Medicare and functional nursing. A strong legal, ethical and resident-rights component addresses OBRA, civil law, privacy, the Nursing Assistant Registry, delegated tasks, confidentiality, gifts and professional boundaries. The exam identifies the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act in relation to nursing-home residents' quality of life, health and safety. It also tests students on invasion of privacy, appropriate handling of confidential information and the requirement that delegated procedures fall within the nursing assistant's job description and applicable state rules. The document extensively examines communication and psychosocial care. Students encounter questions about empathy, direct questions, verbal communication, effective listening, repetitive questioning, grief and responding to angry or agitated residents. It emphasizes calm communication and respect for autonomy; for example, when a resident refuses a bed bath, the supplied answer instructs the caregiver not to force the procedure and to report the refusal to the nurse. Another major area is the nursing process, reporting and documentation. Questions address assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation, with implementation identified as the phase in which care is provided. Students also review flowsheets, 24-hour time, reporting changes and appropriate documentation. Near the end of the resource, accurate documentation of the date, time and event is specifically reinforced. Infection control and Standard Precautions are high-yield topics throughout the exam. Students review pathogens, contamination, isolation precautions, biohazardous materials, gloves, hand hygiene and the Bloodborne Pathogen Standard. The document also connects infection prevention to routine procedures such as oral care, dressing changes and handling soiled linens, making this material useful for students preparing for practical bedside-care questions. The safety section covers restraints, falls, seizures, environmental hazards and emergency prevention. Students are tested on why restraints should not be used for discipline, how restraints can increase confusion or agitation and the importance of choosing the least restrictive intervention. Questions also cover seizure precautions, call-bell placement, wheelchair brakes, non-skid footwear, side-rail use and disaster preparedness. The mobility content reviews gait belts, transfers, ambulation, range-of-motion exercises, positioning, logrolling, prostheses, crutches, bedrest, muscle atrophy and contracture prevention. The exam emphasizes locked wheelchair brakes during transfers, correct use of a transfer/gait belt and maintaining alignment when logrolling. It also addresses assisting residents with weakness following a stroke and promoting independence rather than automatically performing all activities for them. A substantial portion concentrates on activities of daily living and personal hygiene, including bathing, shampooing, oral hygiene, denture care, perineal care, shaving, foot care, hair care and occupied-bed making. The questions test both safety and technique. Examples include covering the eyes during shampooing, preventing aspiration during oral care for an unconscious resident, correct care of the foreskin during male perineal care and promoting independence in a resident who has experienced a stroke. Skin integrity and pressure-injury prevention are repeatedly tested. The source identifies discoloration as the beginning sign of a pressure sore in one question and recommends repositioning a bedbound resident at least every two hours in another. Proper positioning is also associated with preventing pressure ulcers and contractures. Students additionally review the skin as a defense against infection and the importance of reporting concerning changes in skin growths. The vital-signs section covers temperature, pulse, respirations, blood pressure and pain. Students review rectal, oral and axillary temperature measurements, apical pulse assessment, counting respirations after taking the pulse, stethoscope cleaning and blood-pressure cuff placement. The resource emphasizes promptly reporting significant changes from previous vital-sign readings and identifies persistently elevated blood pressure as hypertension within its question set. Cardiovascular and respiratory questions include heart attack recognition, arteries, diastole, hypertension, coronary artery disease, COPD/emphysema, apnea, oxygen therapy and coughing/deep-breathing exercises. The document identifies smoking as the most common cause of COPD/emphysema in its answer set and presents family history as a coronary artery disease risk factor that cannot be modified. Nursing assistants are also tested on the limits of their role regarding initiation of oxygen therapy. The urinary-care section includes Foley catheters, urinary tract infection, dysuria, nocturia, urinary urgency, incontinence, bladder training, cystitis and urine output. Students review the increased infection risk associated with indwelling urinary catheters and terminology related to urinary symptoms. The exam also incorporates perineal care and strategies related to bladder control and resident hygiene. Bowel elimination and ostomy care are addressed through constipation, fecal impaction, enemas, colostomies and ileostomies. The document connects narcotic pain medications with constipation and examines the effects of fluid intake, physical inactivity and dietary fiber. Students are also asked to distinguish appropriate nursing-assistant responsibilities from procedures that should not be independently performed. The specimen-collection portion covers sputum specimens, urinalysis, specimen containers, labeling and reagent strips. Students review the document's procedures for routine urine collection and the importance of following manufacturer directions when using reagent strips. This section also reinforces terminology such as hematuria and the importance of correct specimen-handling procedures. Nutrition questions review NPO status, sodium and fluid retention, feeding assistance, appetite, dysphagia, gastrostomy/PEG tubes and IV responsibilities. The exam emphasizes resident preferences during meals and appropriate assistance rather than unnecessary dependence. It also tests students on identifying PEG tubes and recognizing that monitoring IV flow rates is not presented as a nursing-assistant responsibility. The final clinical material expands into diabetes, stroke, cancer, multiple sclerosis, HIV, cystitis, musculoskeletal disorders and neurological conditions. Students review terminology such as metastasis, arthroplasty, stomatitis, apnea and phantom pain while also answering scenario-based questions involving chest pain, swallowing difficulties and complications associated with diabetes. The closing pages focus on Alzheimer's disease, dementia, anxiety, acute confusion, advance directives and death and dying. The exam identifies increased Alzheimer's-related behaviors during hours of darkness as sundowning, distinguishes a living will from other end-of-life concepts and tests recognition of rigor mortis. It also states that dementia is not a normal part of aging and addresses appropriate responses to the emotional and spiritual needs of dying residents. Overall, this document is designed as a broad Nursing Fundamentals final-exam review, moving from basic professional responsibilities and communication into practical bedside procedures and common health conditions. Its 70 pages provide concentrated practice across the major competencies students commonly encounter in introductory nursing and nursing-assistant education. Relevant students: Nursing Fundamentals students, Fundamentals of Nursing students, CNA students, Certified Nursing Assistant students, Nurse Aide students, Patient Care Technician students, PCT students, LPN/LVN students, practical nursing students, first-year nursing students, prelicensure nursing students and students preparing for nursing assistant competency examinations. Academic Reference Potter, P. A., Perry, A. G., Stockert, P. A., & Hall, A. M. Fundamentals of Nursing. Elsevier. This is a relevant supporting academic textbook for subjects represented throughout the uploaded exam, particularly fundamental patient care, safety, infection prevention, hygiene, mobility, communication, vital signs, elimination, nutrition, documentation and skin integrity. However, the uploaded document does not identify a specific textbook or journal as the source of its questions, so this reference should be treated as relevant supporting literature rather than a claimed source for the individual questions. 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