CSCC BIO 2301 LECTURE EXAM 4 2026/2027 | STUDY GUIDE, PRACTICE
QUESTIONS, ANSWERS & EXAM REVIEW
Approximately 85% of the renal nephrons are which type? Name the types. - correct answer ✔✔Cortical
Nephrons - 85% located almost entirely in the cortex of kidney
Juxtamedullary Nephrons - 15% located closer to the cortical medullary junction. Have a better ability to
reabsorb water (important during dehydration)
The type of nephron that produces a hypertonic (high solute concentration) urine is which of these
above types? - correct answer ✔✔Juxtamedullary Nephrons
Place the following in correct sequence.
1. Collecting duct
2. Distal convoluted tubule
3. Glomerulus
4. Proximal convoluted tubule
5. Loop of Henle
6. afferent arteriole
7. renal pelvis
8. minor calyx - correct answer ✔✔Afferent arteriole, glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of
Henle, distal convoluted tube, collecting ducts, minor calyces, major cayleces, renal pelvis
When afferent arterioles of the kidney DILATE, glomerular filtration rate is affected how? explain: -
correct answer ✔✔When the afferent arterioles dilate, blood flow increases into glomerulus. The more
blood that goes through the glomerulus, the more blood that is able to be filtered.
Please explain GFR regulation in terms of:
A. the myogenic mechanism
B. the tubuloglomerular mechanism
C. the renin angiotensin system - correct answer ✔✔Myogenic - Increases in systemic blood pressure
causes smooth muscle to stretch in the afferent arteriole, which causes muscles to contract harder. This
vasoconstriction decreases the volume of blood flowing into the glomerulus.
Tubuloglomerular - This is based on the amount of fluid in the distal tubules. If fluid is decreases, macula
dense cells stimulate vasodilation of afferent arteriole to increase blood flow. If fluid is increased, macula
dense cells stimulate vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole hindering blood flow to glomerulus. This
decreases GFR to allow more time for filtrate processing
Renin Angiotensin System - If BP is low, GFR decreases, macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells detect
decreased stretch of tubules and decreased sodium in filtrate. Juxtamedullary cells secrete renin. Renin
converts plasma protein angiotensin to angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is activated as it passes through the
lungs to angiotensin II by enzyme called ACE. If BP is high, GFR is high. ANF is secreted by cells in the
atria. ANF Suppresses ADH and Aldosterone.
, How is the fluid in Bowman's capsule similar or different to plasma ? Think size! - correct answer ✔✔The
glomerular filtrate has the same composition of plasma except that it does not contain any of the larger
components, such as plasma proteins or cells.
What two hormones regulate GFR - correct answer ✔✔Angiotensin II and ANF
What do Macula densa monitor and where are they found: - correct answer ✔✔Intertubular salt
concentration
Distal convoluted tubule
How much glucose is found in the filtrate of the collecting duct in a normal individual? - correct answer
✔✔None
Which cells produce renin? Where is A.C.E. produced? - correct answer ✔✔Juxtamedullary cells
Capillary blood vessels in the lung
If blood pressure falls, what does ADH, Aldosterone and renin do to compensate?: - correct answer ✔✔-
Juxtamedullary cells detect decreased stretch/ decreased sodium in filtrate.
-Juxtamedullary cells secrete renin.
-Renin converts Angiotensin to Angiotensin I.
-Angiotensin I is activated as it passes through the lungs by enzyme called ACE.
- Angiotensin II vasoconstricts systemic arterioles (increases resistance), stimulates the release of
aldosterone (raises blood volume), and stimulates ADH release (raises blood volume).
Which substance from question 23, directly stimulates the reabsorption of Na+ ions? - correct answer
✔✔Aldosterone and ADH
ADH controls the reabsorption of water at which part of the nephron? - correct answer ✔✔Collecting
ducts. This occurs based on needs of the body.
Most reabsorption occurs in which part of the nephron? - correct answer ✔✔Proximal convoluted
tubule
The capillary network that surrounds the convoluted tubules is called the: - correct answer
✔✔Peritubular Capillaries
Can you name the hormones that would increase urine output: - correct answer ✔✔ADH and
Aldosterone
Through what transport mechanism is sodium reabsorbed from the kidney tubules? - correct answer
✔✔Active transport. If we reabsorb more positive ions, negative ions will follow passively because of the
pull of charge (electromagnetic gradient) (chloride and bicarbonate are absorbed this way)
When blood pH drops towards acidic ends of the homeostatic range, the renal tubule cells actively
secrete hydrogen ions into the filtrate and retain more _____________________ ions. - correct answer
✔✔Potassium
QUESTIONS, ANSWERS & EXAM REVIEW
Approximately 85% of the renal nephrons are which type? Name the types. - correct answer ✔✔Cortical
Nephrons - 85% located almost entirely in the cortex of kidney
Juxtamedullary Nephrons - 15% located closer to the cortical medullary junction. Have a better ability to
reabsorb water (important during dehydration)
The type of nephron that produces a hypertonic (high solute concentration) urine is which of these
above types? - correct answer ✔✔Juxtamedullary Nephrons
Place the following in correct sequence.
1. Collecting duct
2. Distal convoluted tubule
3. Glomerulus
4. Proximal convoluted tubule
5. Loop of Henle
6. afferent arteriole
7. renal pelvis
8. minor calyx - correct answer ✔✔Afferent arteriole, glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of
Henle, distal convoluted tube, collecting ducts, minor calyces, major cayleces, renal pelvis
When afferent arterioles of the kidney DILATE, glomerular filtration rate is affected how? explain: -
correct answer ✔✔When the afferent arterioles dilate, blood flow increases into glomerulus. The more
blood that goes through the glomerulus, the more blood that is able to be filtered.
Please explain GFR regulation in terms of:
A. the myogenic mechanism
B. the tubuloglomerular mechanism
C. the renin angiotensin system - correct answer ✔✔Myogenic - Increases in systemic blood pressure
causes smooth muscle to stretch in the afferent arteriole, which causes muscles to contract harder. This
vasoconstriction decreases the volume of blood flowing into the glomerulus.
Tubuloglomerular - This is based on the amount of fluid in the distal tubules. If fluid is decreases, macula
dense cells stimulate vasodilation of afferent arteriole to increase blood flow. If fluid is increased, macula
dense cells stimulate vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole hindering blood flow to glomerulus. This
decreases GFR to allow more time for filtrate processing
Renin Angiotensin System - If BP is low, GFR decreases, macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells detect
decreased stretch of tubules and decreased sodium in filtrate. Juxtamedullary cells secrete renin. Renin
converts plasma protein angiotensin to angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is activated as it passes through the
lungs to angiotensin II by enzyme called ACE. If BP is high, GFR is high. ANF is secreted by cells in the
atria. ANF Suppresses ADH and Aldosterone.
, How is the fluid in Bowman's capsule similar or different to plasma ? Think size! - correct answer ✔✔The
glomerular filtrate has the same composition of plasma except that it does not contain any of the larger
components, such as plasma proteins or cells.
What two hormones regulate GFR - correct answer ✔✔Angiotensin II and ANF
What do Macula densa monitor and where are they found: - correct answer ✔✔Intertubular salt
concentration
Distal convoluted tubule
How much glucose is found in the filtrate of the collecting duct in a normal individual? - correct answer
✔✔None
Which cells produce renin? Where is A.C.E. produced? - correct answer ✔✔Juxtamedullary cells
Capillary blood vessels in the lung
If blood pressure falls, what does ADH, Aldosterone and renin do to compensate?: - correct answer ✔✔-
Juxtamedullary cells detect decreased stretch/ decreased sodium in filtrate.
-Juxtamedullary cells secrete renin.
-Renin converts Angiotensin to Angiotensin I.
-Angiotensin I is activated as it passes through the lungs by enzyme called ACE.
- Angiotensin II vasoconstricts systemic arterioles (increases resistance), stimulates the release of
aldosterone (raises blood volume), and stimulates ADH release (raises blood volume).
Which substance from question 23, directly stimulates the reabsorption of Na+ ions? - correct answer
✔✔Aldosterone and ADH
ADH controls the reabsorption of water at which part of the nephron? - correct answer ✔✔Collecting
ducts. This occurs based on needs of the body.
Most reabsorption occurs in which part of the nephron? - correct answer ✔✔Proximal convoluted
tubule
The capillary network that surrounds the convoluted tubules is called the: - correct answer
✔✔Peritubular Capillaries
Can you name the hormones that would increase urine output: - correct answer ✔✔ADH and
Aldosterone
Through what transport mechanism is sodium reabsorbed from the kidney tubules? - correct answer
✔✔Active transport. If we reabsorb more positive ions, negative ions will follow passively because of the
pull of charge (electromagnetic gradient) (chloride and bicarbonate are absorbed this way)
When blood pH drops towards acidic ends of the homeostatic range, the renal tubule cells actively
secrete hydrogen ions into the filtrate and retain more _____________________ ions. - correct answer
✔✔Potassium
