HESI COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION 2026
FULL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
◉ Macular degernation.
Answer: - Incurable
- Treatable
- breakdown of cells in macula of retina
◉ Strabismus.
Answer: Lazy eye
◉ Diplopia.
Answer: Double Vision
◉ External Ear.
Answer: - Auricle or Pinna
- Consists of movable cartilage and skin
- Auditory Canal
- A cul-de-sac 2.5 to 3 cm long in adults that terminates at eardrum,
or tympanic membrane
,- Lined with glands that secrete cerumen, a yellow waxy material
that lubricates and protects ear
- Forms sticky barrier to keep foreign bodies from entering and
reaching sensitive tympanic membrane
◉ Tympanic Membrane.
Answer: - AKA the eardrum
- Separates external and middle ear
- Translucent membrane with a pearly gray color
- Oval and slightly concave, pulled in at its center by one of middle
ear ossicles, the malleus
◉ Middle Ear.
Answer: - Tiny air-filled cavity inside temporal bone
- Contains tiny ear bones, or auditory ossicles: the malleus, incus,
and stapes
◉ Eustachian tube.
Answer: - Opening that connects middle ear with nasopharynx and
allows passage of air
- Normally closed, but opens with swallowing or yawning
◉ Three functions of the middle ear.
,Answer: - Conducts sound vibrations from outer ear to central
hearing apparatus in inner ear
- Protects inner ear by reducing amplitude of loud sounds
- Eustachian tube allows equalization of air pressure on each side of
TM so that it does not rupture
◉ Inner Ear.
Answer: - Contains the bony labyrinth, which holds sensory organs
for equilibrium and hearing
- Although the inner ear is not accessible to direct examination, its
functions can be assessed
◉ Conductive hearing loss.
Answer: - Involves a mechanical dysfunction of external or middle
ear
- Partial loss because person is able to hear if sound amplitude is
increased enough to reach normal nerve elements in inner ear
- May be caused by impacted cerumen, foreign bodies, a perforated
TM, pus or serum in middle ear, and otosclerosis, which is a decrease
in mobility of ossicles
◉ Sensorineural (or perceptive) hearing loss.
Answer: - Signifies pathology of inner ear, cranial nerve VIII, or
auditory areas of cerebral cortex
, - Increase in amplitude may not enable person to understand words
-May be caused by presbycusis, which is a gradual nerve
degeneration that occurs with aging, and by ototoxic drugs, which
affect hair cells in cochlea
◉ Presbycusis.
Answer: A gradual nerve degeneration that occurs with aging, and
by ototoxic drugs, which affect hair cells in cochlea
◉ During history, notice clues from normal conversation indicating
possible hearing loss.
Answer: - Lip reading or watching your face and lips rather than
your eyes
- Frowning or straining forward to hear
- Posturing of head to catch sounds with better ear
- Misunderstands questions; frequently asks you to repeat
- Irritable or shows startle reflex when you raise your voice
- Person's speech sounds garbled, vowel sounds distorted
- Inappropriately loud voice
- Flat, monotonous tone of voice
◉ Tinnitus Questions.
FULL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
◉ Macular degernation.
Answer: - Incurable
- Treatable
- breakdown of cells in macula of retina
◉ Strabismus.
Answer: Lazy eye
◉ Diplopia.
Answer: Double Vision
◉ External Ear.
Answer: - Auricle or Pinna
- Consists of movable cartilage and skin
- Auditory Canal
- A cul-de-sac 2.5 to 3 cm long in adults that terminates at eardrum,
or tympanic membrane
,- Lined with glands that secrete cerumen, a yellow waxy material
that lubricates and protects ear
- Forms sticky barrier to keep foreign bodies from entering and
reaching sensitive tympanic membrane
◉ Tympanic Membrane.
Answer: - AKA the eardrum
- Separates external and middle ear
- Translucent membrane with a pearly gray color
- Oval and slightly concave, pulled in at its center by one of middle
ear ossicles, the malleus
◉ Middle Ear.
Answer: - Tiny air-filled cavity inside temporal bone
- Contains tiny ear bones, or auditory ossicles: the malleus, incus,
and stapes
◉ Eustachian tube.
Answer: - Opening that connects middle ear with nasopharynx and
allows passage of air
- Normally closed, but opens with swallowing or yawning
◉ Three functions of the middle ear.
,Answer: - Conducts sound vibrations from outer ear to central
hearing apparatus in inner ear
- Protects inner ear by reducing amplitude of loud sounds
- Eustachian tube allows equalization of air pressure on each side of
TM so that it does not rupture
◉ Inner Ear.
Answer: - Contains the bony labyrinth, which holds sensory organs
for equilibrium and hearing
- Although the inner ear is not accessible to direct examination, its
functions can be assessed
◉ Conductive hearing loss.
Answer: - Involves a mechanical dysfunction of external or middle
ear
- Partial loss because person is able to hear if sound amplitude is
increased enough to reach normal nerve elements in inner ear
- May be caused by impacted cerumen, foreign bodies, a perforated
TM, pus or serum in middle ear, and otosclerosis, which is a decrease
in mobility of ossicles
◉ Sensorineural (or perceptive) hearing loss.
Answer: - Signifies pathology of inner ear, cranial nerve VIII, or
auditory areas of cerebral cortex
, - Increase in amplitude may not enable person to understand words
-May be caused by presbycusis, which is a gradual nerve
degeneration that occurs with aging, and by ototoxic drugs, which
affect hair cells in cochlea
◉ Presbycusis.
Answer: A gradual nerve degeneration that occurs with aging, and
by ototoxic drugs, which affect hair cells in cochlea
◉ During history, notice clues from normal conversation indicating
possible hearing loss.
Answer: - Lip reading or watching your face and lips rather than
your eyes
- Frowning or straining forward to hear
- Posturing of head to catch sounds with better ear
- Misunderstands questions; frequently asks you to repeat
- Irritable or shows startle reflex when you raise your voice
- Person's speech sounds garbled, vowel sounds distorted
- Inappropriately loud voice
- Flat, monotonous tone of voice
◉ Tinnitus Questions.
