FUNDAMENTAL OF NURSING FINAL EXAM NEWEST VERSION
2026-2027 EXPECTED 320 QUESTION AND CORRECT ANSWER
FROM VERIFIED SOURCES RATED A GRADE.
QUESTION
A nurse visits a 60-year-old client with diabetes in the home after the client's left above-
the-knee amputation. The client appears disheveled and with poor hygiene. The client
also avoids making eye contact with the nurse. What is likely to occur as a result of the
client's reduced self-esteem?
CORRECT ANS: self-care deficit
Expert Rationale
The client's disheveled appearance, poor hygiene, and avoidance of eye contact are
behavioral indicators of diminished self-esteem. Reduced self-esteem frequently
manifests as neglect of personal care, as the individual may feel unworthy of self-care or
lack the motivation to maintain hygiene. A self-care deficit is a logical consequence of
lowered self-worth, as the client may perceive themselves as less deserving of care. The
nurse should address both the physical care needs and the underlying emotional factors
contributing to this deficit.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) TOP: Self-Concept MSC: N/A
QUESTION
To obtain subjective data about a burn client's self-concept, the nurse should do what?
CORRECT ANS: Ask the client how the client would describe themselves.
Expert Rationale
Subjective data are information provided directly by the client, reflecting their personal
perceptions, feelings, and beliefs. Asking the client to describe themselves is a direct and
effective way to assess self-concept, which includes self-image, self-esteem, and
personal identity. This open-ended question encourages the client to articulate their
own view of themselves, providing rich, qualitative data that cannot be obtained
through observation or physical assessment alone. It respects the client's perspective
and allows the nurse to understand the impact of the burn injury on their self-
,perception.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) TOP: Self-Concept MSC: N/A
QUESTION
Asking a client to describe himself or herself is one way to assess his or her:
CORRECT ANS: self-concept.
Expert Rationale
Self-concept is the totality of an individual's thoughts and feelings about themselves. It
encompasses beliefs about one's personal characteristics, abilities, and worth. When a
client describes themselves, they are providing a direct window into their self-concept,
revealing their self-image, self-esteem, and ideal self. This assessment technique is
foundational for understanding how clients perceive their identity and how health
challenges may affect that perception.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) TOP: Self-Concept MSC: N/A
QUESTION
A group of nurses are attending a seminar on self-concept. Which statement by a nurse
concerning self-esteem indicates a need for further education?
CORRECT ANS: "Children who agree with their parents' opinions have higher self-
esteem."
Expert Rationale
Self-esteem is not primarily determined by agreement with parental opinions. While a
healthy parent-child relationship is important, self-esteem is an internal evaluation of
one's worth that develops through a combination of factors including personal
achievements, social acceptance, and the internalization of others' feedback. The
statement suggests a passive, conforming view of self-esteem that may not foster
genuine self-worth. True self-esteem involves internal validation and a sense of
competence, not merely compliance. This statement indicates a misunderstanding of the
developmental and psychological underpinnings of self-esteem.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Evaluate (Evaluation) TOP: Self-Concept MSC: N/A
,QUESTION
Which client is at greatest risk of developing a damaged self-concept during a period of
increased stress?
CORRECT ANS: An older adult female who is newly widowed
Expert Rationale
The loss of a spouse is a profound and multifaceted stressor that can significantly
damage self-concept. The widow's role as a wife, companion, and often part of a couple
has been abruptly terminated, challenging her sense of identity, purpose, and security.
The older adult may also face additional stressors such as changes in financial status,
social isolation, and physical health challenges. This confluence of losses and changes
places her at high risk for a negative self-concept, making her the most vulnerable
among the options. The other options, while potentially stressful, do not inherently carry
the same level of identity disruption.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze (Analysis) TOP: Self-Concept MSC: N/A
QUESTION
A newly married client is attempting to fulfill the role of wife, professional, and lover.
She tells the nurse that she does not feel that she is fulfilling any of the roles well. The
nurse will document this as:
CORRECT ANS: role strain
Expert Rationale
Role strain occurs when an individual experiences difficulty meeting the demands of one
or more roles they are expected to fulfill. The client's perception of inadequacy across
multiple roles (wife, professional, lover) is a classic presentation of role strain. This is
distinct from role conflict, which is a clash between the demands of two different roles,
or role ambiguity, which is a lack of clarity about what a role requires. The client's
feelings of inadequacy across all roles point to the overarching strain of managing
multiple expectations simultaneously.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze (Analysis) TOP: Role Theory MSC: N/A
, QUESTION
The nurse is preparing a care plan for a client with the nursing diagnosis of ineffective
coping. The client has had a mastectomy and refuses to participate in the care of the
surgical site. What would be an appropriate initial goal for the client?
CORRECT ANS: The client will look at the surgical site in a mirror within 2 days.
Expert Rationale
An appropriate initial goal for a client with ineffective coping following a mastectomy is
a small, measurable, and achievable step toward acceptance of the altered body image.
The goal of looking at the surgical site in a mirror within 2 days is realistic and
represents a significant first step in the grieving process associated with the loss of a
body part. This goal addresses the client's avoidance behavior and promotes gradual
desensitization. It is a concrete, time-limited objective that can be evaluated objectively,
setting the foundation for further progress.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Plan (Planning) TOP: Coping MSC: N/A
QUESTION
The recognition of health as an ongoing process toward a person's highest potential of
functioning is defined as:
CORRECT ANS: high-level wellness.
Expert Rationale
High-level wellness is a concept that goes beyond the absence of disease to encompass
a proactive, dynamic state of optimal health and well-being. It is characterized by an
ongoing process of growth, self-actualization, and the realization of one's full potential.
This perspective views health as a continuum, not a static state, and emphasizes the
individual's active participation in achieving their highest level of functioning. This
definition aligns with holistic health models that consider physical, emotional, social, and
spiritual well-being.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember (Knowledge) TOP: Health and Wellness MSC: N/A
2026-2027 EXPECTED 320 QUESTION AND CORRECT ANSWER
FROM VERIFIED SOURCES RATED A GRADE.
QUESTION
A nurse visits a 60-year-old client with diabetes in the home after the client's left above-
the-knee amputation. The client appears disheveled and with poor hygiene. The client
also avoids making eye contact with the nurse. What is likely to occur as a result of the
client's reduced self-esteem?
CORRECT ANS: self-care deficit
Expert Rationale
The client's disheveled appearance, poor hygiene, and avoidance of eye contact are
behavioral indicators of diminished self-esteem. Reduced self-esteem frequently
manifests as neglect of personal care, as the individual may feel unworthy of self-care or
lack the motivation to maintain hygiene. A self-care deficit is a logical consequence of
lowered self-worth, as the client may perceive themselves as less deserving of care. The
nurse should address both the physical care needs and the underlying emotional factors
contributing to this deficit.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) TOP: Self-Concept MSC: N/A
QUESTION
To obtain subjective data about a burn client's self-concept, the nurse should do what?
CORRECT ANS: Ask the client how the client would describe themselves.
Expert Rationale
Subjective data are information provided directly by the client, reflecting their personal
perceptions, feelings, and beliefs. Asking the client to describe themselves is a direct and
effective way to assess self-concept, which includes self-image, self-esteem, and
personal identity. This open-ended question encourages the client to articulate their
own view of themselves, providing rich, qualitative data that cannot be obtained
through observation or physical assessment alone. It respects the client's perspective
and allows the nurse to understand the impact of the burn injury on their self-
,perception.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) TOP: Self-Concept MSC: N/A
QUESTION
Asking a client to describe himself or herself is one way to assess his or her:
CORRECT ANS: self-concept.
Expert Rationale
Self-concept is the totality of an individual's thoughts and feelings about themselves. It
encompasses beliefs about one's personal characteristics, abilities, and worth. When a
client describes themselves, they are providing a direct window into their self-concept,
revealing their self-image, self-esteem, and ideal self. This assessment technique is
foundational for understanding how clients perceive their identity and how health
challenges may affect that perception.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) TOP: Self-Concept MSC: N/A
QUESTION
A group of nurses are attending a seminar on self-concept. Which statement by a nurse
concerning self-esteem indicates a need for further education?
CORRECT ANS: "Children who agree with their parents' opinions have higher self-
esteem."
Expert Rationale
Self-esteem is not primarily determined by agreement with parental opinions. While a
healthy parent-child relationship is important, self-esteem is an internal evaluation of
one's worth that develops through a combination of factors including personal
achievements, social acceptance, and the internalization of others' feedback. The
statement suggests a passive, conforming view of self-esteem that may not foster
genuine self-worth. True self-esteem involves internal validation and a sense of
competence, not merely compliance. This statement indicates a misunderstanding of the
developmental and psychological underpinnings of self-esteem.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Evaluate (Evaluation) TOP: Self-Concept MSC: N/A
,QUESTION
Which client is at greatest risk of developing a damaged self-concept during a period of
increased stress?
CORRECT ANS: An older adult female who is newly widowed
Expert Rationale
The loss of a spouse is a profound and multifaceted stressor that can significantly
damage self-concept. The widow's role as a wife, companion, and often part of a couple
has been abruptly terminated, challenging her sense of identity, purpose, and security.
The older adult may also face additional stressors such as changes in financial status,
social isolation, and physical health challenges. This confluence of losses and changes
places her at high risk for a negative self-concept, making her the most vulnerable
among the options. The other options, while potentially stressful, do not inherently carry
the same level of identity disruption.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze (Analysis) TOP: Self-Concept MSC: N/A
QUESTION
A newly married client is attempting to fulfill the role of wife, professional, and lover.
She tells the nurse that she does not feel that she is fulfilling any of the roles well. The
nurse will document this as:
CORRECT ANS: role strain
Expert Rationale
Role strain occurs when an individual experiences difficulty meeting the demands of one
or more roles they are expected to fulfill. The client's perception of inadequacy across
multiple roles (wife, professional, lover) is a classic presentation of role strain. This is
distinct from role conflict, which is a clash between the demands of two different roles,
or role ambiguity, which is a lack of clarity about what a role requires. The client's
feelings of inadequacy across all roles point to the overarching strain of managing
multiple expectations simultaneously.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze (Analysis) TOP: Role Theory MSC: N/A
, QUESTION
The nurse is preparing a care plan for a client with the nursing diagnosis of ineffective
coping. The client has had a mastectomy and refuses to participate in the care of the
surgical site. What would be an appropriate initial goal for the client?
CORRECT ANS: The client will look at the surgical site in a mirror within 2 days.
Expert Rationale
An appropriate initial goal for a client with ineffective coping following a mastectomy is
a small, measurable, and achievable step toward acceptance of the altered body image.
The goal of looking at the surgical site in a mirror within 2 days is realistic and
represents a significant first step in the grieving process associated with the loss of a
body part. This goal addresses the client's avoidance behavior and promotes gradual
desensitization. It is a concrete, time-limited objective that can be evaluated objectively,
setting the foundation for further progress.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Plan (Planning) TOP: Coping MSC: N/A
QUESTION
The recognition of health as an ongoing process toward a person's highest potential of
functioning is defined as:
CORRECT ANS: high-level wellness.
Expert Rationale
High-level wellness is a concept that goes beyond the absence of disease to encompass
a proactive, dynamic state of optimal health and well-being. It is characterized by an
ongoing process of growth, self-actualization, and the realization of one's full potential.
This perspective views health as a continuum, not a static state, and emphasizes the
individual's active participation in achieving their highest level of functioning. This
definition aligns with holistic health models that consider physical, emotional, social, and
spiritual well-being.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember (Knowledge) TOP: Health and Wellness MSC: N/A
