ALH 1140 CHAPTER 1 2026/2027 | STUDY GUIDE, PRACTICE QUESTIONS,
ANSWERS & COMPREHENSIVE EXAM REVIEW
Acute - correct answer ✔✔Short-term
Chronic - correct answer ✔✔Long-term
Disease - correct answer ✔✔An abnormal state affecting normal body function
Homeostasis - correct answer ✔✔Maintaining stable internal environment
Pathology - correct answer ✔✔Study of diseases
Etiology - correct answer ✔✔Cause of a disease
Predisposing Factors - correct answer ✔✔Risk factors increasing susceptibility to disease
Examples of Risk Factors - correct answer ✔✔Age, Sex, Environment, Lifestyle, Heredity
Diagnosis - correct answer ✔✔Identification of a disease
When is a Diagnosis made? - correct answer ✔✔After a methodical study by the physician using data
from medical history, physical exam, and tests
Prognosis - correct answer ✔✔Expected Outcome
Mortality Rate - correct answer ✔✔Death Rate
Phagocytosis - correct answer ✔✔Engulfment of Pathogens
Ways Body Protected from Disease - correct answer ✔✔Normal Body Functions, Inflammatory
Response, Specific Immune Response
Illness - correct answer ✔✔Unique Response to Disease
Genotype - correct answer ✔✔Description of Gene Combination
Phenotype - correct answer ✔✔Observable Physical Characteristics
Mutation - correct answer ✔✔Gene Structure Change
Classifications of Hereditary Disease - correct answer ✔✔Monogenic (Mendelian) Alteration,
Chromosomal Aberrations, Multifactorial Errors
Monogenic (Mendelian) Alteration - correct answer ✔✔Caused by Single Gene Mutation
Amino Acids - correct answer ✔✔Proteins' building blocks
, Osteomalacia - correct answer ✔✔Bone softening
Chromosomal Aberrations - correct answer ✔✔Result from chromosome abnormalities
Multifactorial Disorders - correct answer ✔✔Caused by many factors, hereditary and environmental
Inflammation - correct answer ✔✔Body's response to tissue damage
Pathogenic - correct answer ✔✔Disease-causing bacteria
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes - correct answer ✔✔WBC's with multi-lobed nucleus
Acute Phase of Inflammation - correct answer ✔✔Redness, Swelling, Pain, Heat. Ex: Insect Bites, Burns,
Cuts
Chronic Phase of Inflammation - correct answer ✔✔Increase in lymphocytes, monocytes, plasma cells
Infection - correct answer ✔✔Microorganisms invasion and multiplication
How Infections Transmitted? - correct answer ✔✔Exposure to a host's coughing or sneezing, through
touching contaminated surfaces, or direct contact with the microorganism.
Five Main Microorganism Groups - correct answer ✔✔Fungi, Protozoa, Viruses, Bacteria, Parasites
Characteristics of Fungi - correct answer ✔✔Develop Slowly, Resistant to Treatment, Rarely Fatal, e.g.,
Yeasts and Molds
Mycoses - correct answer ✔✔Fungal Infections
Common Mycoses - correct answer ✔✔Histoplasmosis, Coccidioidomycosis, Thrush, Tinea Corporis
(Ringworm), Tinea Pedis (Athlete's Foot)
Characteristics of Protozoa - correct answer ✔✔Single-celled organisms with animal-like characteristics
Diseases Caused by Protozoa - correct answer ✔✔Malaria, Amebic Dysentery, African Sleeping Sickness
Characteristics of Viruses - correct answer ✔✔Smallest microorganisms, visible through electron
microscopy, independent of host cells, difficult to isolate, few respond to drug therapy, may remain
dormant in a host
Examples of Viral Infections - correct answer ✔✔Common Cold, West Nile Virus, Measles, Mumps,
Rabies, Chickenpox, Herpes Viruses, Poliomyelitis, Hepatitis, Influenza, Certain types of Pneumonia,
Encephalitis
Characteristics of Bacteria - correct answer ✔✔Single-celled, Classified by Shape, Good and Bad
ANSWERS & COMPREHENSIVE EXAM REVIEW
Acute - correct answer ✔✔Short-term
Chronic - correct answer ✔✔Long-term
Disease - correct answer ✔✔An abnormal state affecting normal body function
Homeostasis - correct answer ✔✔Maintaining stable internal environment
Pathology - correct answer ✔✔Study of diseases
Etiology - correct answer ✔✔Cause of a disease
Predisposing Factors - correct answer ✔✔Risk factors increasing susceptibility to disease
Examples of Risk Factors - correct answer ✔✔Age, Sex, Environment, Lifestyle, Heredity
Diagnosis - correct answer ✔✔Identification of a disease
When is a Diagnosis made? - correct answer ✔✔After a methodical study by the physician using data
from medical history, physical exam, and tests
Prognosis - correct answer ✔✔Expected Outcome
Mortality Rate - correct answer ✔✔Death Rate
Phagocytosis - correct answer ✔✔Engulfment of Pathogens
Ways Body Protected from Disease - correct answer ✔✔Normal Body Functions, Inflammatory
Response, Specific Immune Response
Illness - correct answer ✔✔Unique Response to Disease
Genotype - correct answer ✔✔Description of Gene Combination
Phenotype - correct answer ✔✔Observable Physical Characteristics
Mutation - correct answer ✔✔Gene Structure Change
Classifications of Hereditary Disease - correct answer ✔✔Monogenic (Mendelian) Alteration,
Chromosomal Aberrations, Multifactorial Errors
Monogenic (Mendelian) Alteration - correct answer ✔✔Caused by Single Gene Mutation
Amino Acids - correct answer ✔✔Proteins' building blocks
, Osteomalacia - correct answer ✔✔Bone softening
Chromosomal Aberrations - correct answer ✔✔Result from chromosome abnormalities
Multifactorial Disorders - correct answer ✔✔Caused by many factors, hereditary and environmental
Inflammation - correct answer ✔✔Body's response to tissue damage
Pathogenic - correct answer ✔✔Disease-causing bacteria
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes - correct answer ✔✔WBC's with multi-lobed nucleus
Acute Phase of Inflammation - correct answer ✔✔Redness, Swelling, Pain, Heat. Ex: Insect Bites, Burns,
Cuts
Chronic Phase of Inflammation - correct answer ✔✔Increase in lymphocytes, monocytes, plasma cells
Infection - correct answer ✔✔Microorganisms invasion and multiplication
How Infections Transmitted? - correct answer ✔✔Exposure to a host's coughing or sneezing, through
touching contaminated surfaces, or direct contact with the microorganism.
Five Main Microorganism Groups - correct answer ✔✔Fungi, Protozoa, Viruses, Bacteria, Parasites
Characteristics of Fungi - correct answer ✔✔Develop Slowly, Resistant to Treatment, Rarely Fatal, e.g.,
Yeasts and Molds
Mycoses - correct answer ✔✔Fungal Infections
Common Mycoses - correct answer ✔✔Histoplasmosis, Coccidioidomycosis, Thrush, Tinea Corporis
(Ringworm), Tinea Pedis (Athlete's Foot)
Characteristics of Protozoa - correct answer ✔✔Single-celled organisms with animal-like characteristics
Diseases Caused by Protozoa - correct answer ✔✔Malaria, Amebic Dysentery, African Sleeping Sickness
Characteristics of Viruses - correct answer ✔✔Smallest microorganisms, visible through electron
microscopy, independent of host cells, difficult to isolate, few respond to drug therapy, may remain
dormant in a host
Examples of Viral Infections - correct answer ✔✔Common Cold, West Nile Virus, Measles, Mumps,
Rabies, Chickenpox, Herpes Viruses, Poliomyelitis, Hepatitis, Influenza, Certain types of Pneumonia,
Encephalitis
Characteristics of Bacteria - correct answer ✔✔Single-celled, Classified by Shape, Good and Bad
