NSG 1400 FINAL EXAM 2026/2027 | NURSING STUDY GUIDE, PRACTICE
QUESTIONS, ANSWERS & COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
Acute inflammation - correct answer ✔✔The immediate response to tissue injury and is short in
duration (minutes to days)
-Swelling
-Pain
-Heat
-Redness
-Loss of function - correct answer ✔✔Localized signs and symptoms of inflammation include:
-Fever
-Leukocytosis
-Malaise
-Fatigue
-Increased pulse & respirations
-Anorexia
-Nausea - correct answer ✔✔Systemic signs and symptoms of inflammation include:
Chronic inflammation - correct answer ✔✔Occurs when inflammation continues for weeks to years after
the initial injury
-CBC with WBC differential
-C-reactive Protein (CRP)
-Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
-Serological tests to detect specific antibodies or viruses - correct answer ✔✔What are the labs to assess
inflammation?
-Elevated WBC (>11,100 cells/mm^3)
-Elevated neutrophils (>8,000 cells/mm^3)
-Elevated monocytes (>700 cells/mm^3)
-Elevated lymphocytes (>4,000 cells/mm^3) - correct answer ✔✔What are the WBC lab consequences of
inflammation?
C-reactive protein - correct answer ✔✔A nonspecific protein, produced in the liver, that becomes
elevated during episodes of acute inflammation or infection
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) - correct answer ✔✔A nonspecific test for inflammation that
measures how quickly blood cells will settle to the bottom of a test tube; a faster than normal rate may
indicate inflammation in the body
-Age: very young and very old
-Low socioeconomic status
-Geographic location where infection is prevalent
-Immunodeficiency
,-Chronic disease
-Environmental conditions: crowded living conditions, absence of clean food/water, insufficient air
ventilation, unsafe sanitary conditions - correct answer ✔✔What factors place a patient at risk for
infection?
-CBC with WBC differential
-Culture & sensitivity
-C-reactive protein (CRP)
-Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
-Serological tests to detect specific antibodies or viruses - correct answer ✔✔What are the appropriate
labs to determine the presence of infection?
-Elevated basophils (>100 cells/mm^3)
-Elevated eosinophils (>500 cells/mm^3) - correct answer ✔✔What are the WBC lab consequences of
parasitic infections?
-Elevated WBC (>11,100 cells/mm^3)
-Elevated neutrophils (>8,000 cells/mm^3)
-Elevated monocytes (>700 cells/mm^3)
-Elevated B & T lymphocytes (>4,000 cells/mm^3) - correct answer ✔✔What are the WBC lab
consequences of bacterial or viral infections?
Implementation of pressure injury prevention measures:
-Minimize or eliminate friction & shear (sliding on sheets)
-Minimize pressure through repositioning, establish turning schedule Q2H
-Pressure-relieving devices
-Assess and manage moisture on skin surfaces
-Maintain adequate nutrition and hydration; offer protein supplements between meals
-Elevate heels off bed - correct answer ✔✔What nursing interventions are necessary for a low Braden
score?
-Intact, non-blistered skin with non-blanchable erythema or persistent redness
-An area that is painful and differs in firmness or temperature from the surrounding tissue - correct
answer ✔✔Criteria for a Stage 1 pressure ulcer include:
-Partial-thickness skin loss with exposed dermis
-Involves the epidermis and/or dermis but does not extend below the level of the dermis
-Shallow and superficial, with a pink wound bed
-Intact or ruptured blisters may be present - correct answer ✔✔Criteria for a Stage 2 pressure ulcer
include:
-Full-thickness skin loss
-Extends into the subcutaneous tissue but does not extend through the fascia to muscle, bone, or
connective tissue
-Undermining and tunneling may be present - correct answer ✔✔Criteria for a Stage 3 pressure ulcer
include:
-Full-thickness skin and tissue loss
,-Deeper than stage 3; involves exposure of muscle, bone, or connective tissue
-The considerable depth of the wound and exposure of bone make osteomyelitis likely - correct answer
✔✔Criteria for a stage 4 pressure ulcer include:
-Obscured full-thickness skin and tissue loss
-The amount of necrotic tissue (eschar) in the wound bed makes it impossible to assess the depth of the
wound or the involvement of underlying structures
-Wound cannot be staged until the necrotic tissue is removed (debrided) - correct answer ✔✔Criteria for
an unstageable wound include:
1.) Four or more ear infections within one year
2.) Two or more serious sinus infections within one year
3.) Failure of an infant to gain weight or grow normally
4.) Recurrent, deep skin, or organ abscesses
5.) Persistent oral thrush or fungal infections on the skin
6.) The need for IV antibiotics to clear infections
7.) Two or more deep-seated infections, including septicemia
8.) Two or more pneumonias within one year
9.)Two or more months of antibiotic use with little effect
10.) Family history of PI - correct answer ✔✔The 10 warning signs of primary immunodeficiency include:
Secondary immunodeficiency - correct answer ✔✔A loss of immune functioning (in a person with
previously normal immune function) as a result of an illness or treatment
-Medication in order to avoid rejection of transplanted tissue
-Treatment for various types of cancer - correct answer ✔✔Secondary immunodeficiency may be caused
by:
-Place patient in semi-Fowler's position to optimize lung expansion
-Monitor vital signs
-Perform focused respiratory assessment
-Stay with patient to provide reassurance
-Encourage slow, deep breathing, coughing, and use of an incentive spirometer to aid in airway clearance
-Administer supplemental oxygen and medication therapies as ordered
-Monitor effectiveness of treatment
-Monitor labs/diagnostics as ordered - correct answer ✔✔Independent nursing interventions for a
patient in respiratory distress include:
-Respiratory rate, rhythm, and depth
-Use of accessory muscles when breathing
-Auscultate lung sounds
-Assess for cyanosis of the tongue, oral mucosa, and skin
-Assess for cough
-Assess patient's energy level and changes in LOC - correct answer ✔✔What is included in a focused
respiratory assessment?
-Supplemental oxygen therapy
-Medication therapy
, -Order lab/diagnostic tests: CBC (Hgb), BMP, ABGs, chest x-ray - correct answer ✔✔Dependent
interventions for a patient in respiratory distress include:
Hemoglobin - correct answer ✔✔What is the priority lab for gas exchange?
It is the part of the red blood cell that transports oxygen to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the
tissues - correct answer ✔✔What is the role of hemoglobin in the body?
-Monitor vital signs
-Assess for signs & symptoms of impaired perfusion
-Ambulation
-Positioning
-Monitor labs and diagnostics as ordered
-Administer medications and fluids as ordered
-Encourage adequate and appropriate nutrition
-Encourage activity and exercise - correct answer ✔✔Independent interventions for a patient with
impaired perfusion include:
-Vital signs
-Inspect for color, respiratory effort, and distress
-Inspect the thorax
-Inspect extremities for skin color
-Palpate extremities for dema
-Palpate peripheral pulses
-Assess capillary refill, skin turgor, and temperature
-Auscultate heart sounds - correct answer ✔✔What assessments should be performed for a patient with
impaired perfusion?
-Labs/diagnostics
-Medication therapy
-Surgical intervention
-Nutrition therapy - correct answer ✔✔Dependent interventions for a patient with impaired perfusion
include:
-Cardiac enzymes (troponin most sensitive)
-Serum lipids (cholesterol)
-CBC (RBC, Hgb, HCT)
-Blood coagulability(platelets, fibrinogen, PT, PTT, INR, APTT, d-dimer, X factor)
-ECG
-Cardiac stress test
-Radiographic studies - correct answer ✔✔What laboratory and diagnostic testing would be ordered for
a patient with impaired perfusion?
This technique keeps airways open longer - correct answer ✔✔Why would a patient in respiratory
distress present with pursed-lip breathing?
Oxygen saturation - correct answer ✔✔Low __________ when perfusion is inadequate may cause
respiratory distress.
QUESTIONS, ANSWERS & COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
Acute inflammation - correct answer ✔✔The immediate response to tissue injury and is short in
duration (minutes to days)
-Swelling
-Pain
-Heat
-Redness
-Loss of function - correct answer ✔✔Localized signs and symptoms of inflammation include:
-Fever
-Leukocytosis
-Malaise
-Fatigue
-Increased pulse & respirations
-Anorexia
-Nausea - correct answer ✔✔Systemic signs and symptoms of inflammation include:
Chronic inflammation - correct answer ✔✔Occurs when inflammation continues for weeks to years after
the initial injury
-CBC with WBC differential
-C-reactive Protein (CRP)
-Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
-Serological tests to detect specific antibodies or viruses - correct answer ✔✔What are the labs to assess
inflammation?
-Elevated WBC (>11,100 cells/mm^3)
-Elevated neutrophils (>8,000 cells/mm^3)
-Elevated monocytes (>700 cells/mm^3)
-Elevated lymphocytes (>4,000 cells/mm^3) - correct answer ✔✔What are the WBC lab consequences of
inflammation?
C-reactive protein - correct answer ✔✔A nonspecific protein, produced in the liver, that becomes
elevated during episodes of acute inflammation or infection
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) - correct answer ✔✔A nonspecific test for inflammation that
measures how quickly blood cells will settle to the bottom of a test tube; a faster than normal rate may
indicate inflammation in the body
-Age: very young and very old
-Low socioeconomic status
-Geographic location where infection is prevalent
-Immunodeficiency
,-Chronic disease
-Environmental conditions: crowded living conditions, absence of clean food/water, insufficient air
ventilation, unsafe sanitary conditions - correct answer ✔✔What factors place a patient at risk for
infection?
-CBC with WBC differential
-Culture & sensitivity
-C-reactive protein (CRP)
-Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
-Serological tests to detect specific antibodies or viruses - correct answer ✔✔What are the appropriate
labs to determine the presence of infection?
-Elevated basophils (>100 cells/mm^3)
-Elevated eosinophils (>500 cells/mm^3) - correct answer ✔✔What are the WBC lab consequences of
parasitic infections?
-Elevated WBC (>11,100 cells/mm^3)
-Elevated neutrophils (>8,000 cells/mm^3)
-Elevated monocytes (>700 cells/mm^3)
-Elevated B & T lymphocytes (>4,000 cells/mm^3) - correct answer ✔✔What are the WBC lab
consequences of bacterial or viral infections?
Implementation of pressure injury prevention measures:
-Minimize or eliminate friction & shear (sliding on sheets)
-Minimize pressure through repositioning, establish turning schedule Q2H
-Pressure-relieving devices
-Assess and manage moisture on skin surfaces
-Maintain adequate nutrition and hydration; offer protein supplements between meals
-Elevate heels off bed - correct answer ✔✔What nursing interventions are necessary for a low Braden
score?
-Intact, non-blistered skin with non-blanchable erythema or persistent redness
-An area that is painful and differs in firmness or temperature from the surrounding tissue - correct
answer ✔✔Criteria for a Stage 1 pressure ulcer include:
-Partial-thickness skin loss with exposed dermis
-Involves the epidermis and/or dermis but does not extend below the level of the dermis
-Shallow and superficial, with a pink wound bed
-Intact or ruptured blisters may be present - correct answer ✔✔Criteria for a Stage 2 pressure ulcer
include:
-Full-thickness skin loss
-Extends into the subcutaneous tissue but does not extend through the fascia to muscle, bone, or
connective tissue
-Undermining and tunneling may be present - correct answer ✔✔Criteria for a Stage 3 pressure ulcer
include:
-Full-thickness skin and tissue loss
,-Deeper than stage 3; involves exposure of muscle, bone, or connective tissue
-The considerable depth of the wound and exposure of bone make osteomyelitis likely - correct answer
✔✔Criteria for a stage 4 pressure ulcer include:
-Obscured full-thickness skin and tissue loss
-The amount of necrotic tissue (eschar) in the wound bed makes it impossible to assess the depth of the
wound or the involvement of underlying structures
-Wound cannot be staged until the necrotic tissue is removed (debrided) - correct answer ✔✔Criteria for
an unstageable wound include:
1.) Four or more ear infections within one year
2.) Two or more serious sinus infections within one year
3.) Failure of an infant to gain weight or grow normally
4.) Recurrent, deep skin, or organ abscesses
5.) Persistent oral thrush or fungal infections on the skin
6.) The need for IV antibiotics to clear infections
7.) Two or more deep-seated infections, including septicemia
8.) Two or more pneumonias within one year
9.)Two or more months of antibiotic use with little effect
10.) Family history of PI - correct answer ✔✔The 10 warning signs of primary immunodeficiency include:
Secondary immunodeficiency - correct answer ✔✔A loss of immune functioning (in a person with
previously normal immune function) as a result of an illness or treatment
-Medication in order to avoid rejection of transplanted tissue
-Treatment for various types of cancer - correct answer ✔✔Secondary immunodeficiency may be caused
by:
-Place patient in semi-Fowler's position to optimize lung expansion
-Monitor vital signs
-Perform focused respiratory assessment
-Stay with patient to provide reassurance
-Encourage slow, deep breathing, coughing, and use of an incentive spirometer to aid in airway clearance
-Administer supplemental oxygen and medication therapies as ordered
-Monitor effectiveness of treatment
-Monitor labs/diagnostics as ordered - correct answer ✔✔Independent nursing interventions for a
patient in respiratory distress include:
-Respiratory rate, rhythm, and depth
-Use of accessory muscles when breathing
-Auscultate lung sounds
-Assess for cyanosis of the tongue, oral mucosa, and skin
-Assess for cough
-Assess patient's energy level and changes in LOC - correct answer ✔✔What is included in a focused
respiratory assessment?
-Supplemental oxygen therapy
-Medication therapy
, -Order lab/diagnostic tests: CBC (Hgb), BMP, ABGs, chest x-ray - correct answer ✔✔Dependent
interventions for a patient in respiratory distress include:
Hemoglobin - correct answer ✔✔What is the priority lab for gas exchange?
It is the part of the red blood cell that transports oxygen to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the
tissues - correct answer ✔✔What is the role of hemoglobin in the body?
-Monitor vital signs
-Assess for signs & symptoms of impaired perfusion
-Ambulation
-Positioning
-Monitor labs and diagnostics as ordered
-Administer medications and fluids as ordered
-Encourage adequate and appropriate nutrition
-Encourage activity and exercise - correct answer ✔✔Independent interventions for a patient with
impaired perfusion include:
-Vital signs
-Inspect for color, respiratory effort, and distress
-Inspect the thorax
-Inspect extremities for skin color
-Palpate extremities for dema
-Palpate peripheral pulses
-Assess capillary refill, skin turgor, and temperature
-Auscultate heart sounds - correct answer ✔✔What assessments should be performed for a patient with
impaired perfusion?
-Labs/diagnostics
-Medication therapy
-Surgical intervention
-Nutrition therapy - correct answer ✔✔Dependent interventions for a patient with impaired perfusion
include:
-Cardiac enzymes (troponin most sensitive)
-Serum lipids (cholesterol)
-CBC (RBC, Hgb, HCT)
-Blood coagulability(platelets, fibrinogen, PT, PTT, INR, APTT, d-dimer, X factor)
-ECG
-Cardiac stress test
-Radiographic studies - correct answer ✔✔What laboratory and diagnostic testing would be ordered for
a patient with impaired perfusion?
This technique keeps airways open longer - correct answer ✔✔Why would a patient in respiratory
distress present with pursed-lip breathing?
Oxygen saturation - correct answer ✔✔Low __________ when perfusion is inadequate may cause
respiratory distress.
