Emerging Language Stage - Answers Occurs between 18-36 months, characterized by first words
appearing around 12 months, word combinations by 18-24 months, rapid vocabulary growth, and
basic syntax emergence.
Developing Language Stage - Answers Occurs between 2-5 years, characterized by MLU greater than
2 but less than 5, basic sentence structure forming, vocabulary explosion, and use of grammar rules
with common errors.
Goals/Focus of Intervention - Answers Increase expressive and receptive vocabulary, expand
sentence structure and grammar use, support social communication and pragmatic skills, enhance
play skills and early literacy in older toddlers/preschoolers.
Goals/Focus of Assessment - Answers Identify delays/disorders in language development, evaluate
expressive and receptive language abilities, assess play and pragmatics, determine current
developmental level (MLU, vocabulary size, etc.), and identify functional communication and
participation.
Clinician-Directed (CD) Techniques - Answers Includes drill, drill play, and targeting specific forms
such as verb endings and pronouns.
Child-Centered (CC) Techniques - Answers Includes language facilitation, recasting, expansions, and
modeling during play.
Hybrid Approaches - Answers Includes focused stimulation, script therapy (e.g., grocery store play,
routine events), literature-based scripts (shared book reading), and structured play with embedded
targets.
Functions of Communication - Answers Includes behavior regulation (requesting, protesting), social
interaction (greetings, turn-taking, expressing emotion), and joint attention (commenting, requesting
information, showing).
Early Communication Behaviors - Answers Evolve into more complex social and academic language
functions.
Direct Therapy (Pull-out) - Answers One-on-one or small group therapy with a Speech-Language
Pathologist (SLP).
Push-in/Classroom-Based Therapy - Answers SLP works in a classroom setting.
Consultative Service Delivery Model - Answers SLP supports teacher/parent in implementing
strategies.
Collaborative Service Delivery Model - Answers SLP and educators work together in intervention.
Team-based Service Delivery Model - Answers Includes family, teachers, SLPs, OTs, etc.
Screenings - Answers Brief, standardized tools to identify children at risk; not diagnostic but
determine if further testing is needed.
Examples of Screenings - Answers PLS Screener, ASQ (Ages & Stages Questionnaire).
Evaluations - Answers In-depth assessment using standardized tests, observations, and parent
interviews; used to diagnose communication disorders.
Standardized Language Assessments - Answers Examples include CELF-Preschool and PLS-5.
Play-based Assessments - Answers An evaluation method that uses play to assess language skills.
Language Sampling - Answers A method of evaluating a child's language use in naturalistic settings.
Dynamic Assessment - Answers An evaluation approach that assesses a child's potential for learning.
Purpose of Evaluations - Answers Helps determine eligibility for services and informs goals.