APEA- Endocrine Patho | Questions with 100% Verified Answers
| Latest Update 2026/2027
Question: The most common cause of secondary hypothyroidism is: increased secretion of
thyrotropin-releasing hormone by the hypothalamus. low intake of dietary iodine or abnormal iodine
metabolism. increased secretion of thyrotropin hormone by the pituitary gland. low secretion of thyrotropin
hormone by the pituitary gland.
Answer: low secretion of thyrotropin hormone by the pituitary gland.
Question: Patients with Graves disease may experience comorbid diseases including: peptic ulcer disease. iron
deficiency anemia. lupus erythematosus. thyroid cancer.
Answer: lupus erythematosus Increased risk for multiple autoimmune conditions
Question: Hypofunction of the adrenal cortex that results in an inadequate release of glucocorticoids is: Sprue
syndrome. Cushing syndrome. Addison's disease. hypoparathyroidism.
Answer: Addison's disease Addison's disease results from inadequate production of cortisol.
Question: Diabetes is the leading cause of: urosepsis. end-stage renal disease. acute coronary syndrome.
pancreatitis.
Answer: end-stage renal disease Diabetes is a leading cause of end-stage renal disease, adult-onset blindness,
and nontraumatic lower extremity amputations in the United States. The chronic hyperglycemia that is
associated with diabetes mellitus and a dysregulated metabolic system may be associated with secondary
damage in multiple organ systems, especially the kidneys, eyes, nerves, and blood vessels.
Question: An autoimmune disorder characterized by abnormal stimulation of the thyroid gland by antibodies
that act through normal TSH receptors is: celiac disease. Graves' disease. Multiple sclerosis. Sjogren's
syndrome.
Answer: Graves' disease, one of the autoimmune thyroid diseases, is caused by the production of IgG
autoantibodies directed against the thyrotropin receptor. These antibodies bind to and activate the receptor,
causing the autonomous production of thyroid hormones.
Question: In a patient with hyperglycemia, the nurse practitioner knows that hyperosmolar hyperglycemic
nonketotic syndrome (HHNS) will NOT produce: dehydration.term-3 glycosuria. high glucose levels.
ketogenesis.
Answer: ketogenesis In the patient with hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic state (HHNS), glucose levels
are significantly higher (>600 mg/dL) than in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA; >250 mg/dL). Glycosuria is also
higher in HHNS than DKA because blood glucose levels are higher. In addition, renal dysfunction is more
marked
Question: The thyroid hormone that is responsible for calcium regulation is: triiodothyronine (T3). thyroxine
(T4). thyrocalcitonin (calcitonin). thyroid-stimulating hormone.
Answer: thyrocalcitonin (calcitonin)
Question: Hyperglycemia in patients who have Type 2 diabetes can cause: anorexia. hematuria. thirst.
hyperphagia.
Answer: thirst Thirst results from the intracellular dehydration that occurs as blood glucose levels rise and
water is pulled out of body cells, including those in the thirst center.
, Question: Risk factors that predispose a patient to Graves disease include: a family history of Graves' disease
in men of the family. female sex. a history of alcoholism. being in the first trimester of pregnancy.
Answer: female sex
Question: The disorder that is caused by a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone is known as: hypercalcemia.
histiocytosis. Type 1 diabetes mellitus. diabetes insipidus.
Answer: diabetes insipidus Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a disorder of water metabolism caused by a deficiency in
antidiuretic hormone (ADH). ADH is also referred to as vasopressin. The absence of ADH allows filtered water to
be excreted in the urine instead of reabsorbed. This causes excessive urination, thirst, and fluid intake.
Question: The most common signs of newly diagnosed diabetes include: peripheral neuropathy. polyuria.
hyperphagia. blurred vision.
Answer: polyuria
Question: In thyrotoxic crisis, T3 and T4 are overproduced, causing hypermetabolism from the overproduction
of: dopamine. catecholamines. epinephrine. norepinephrine.
Answer: epinephrine In thyrotoxic crisis (also known as thyroid storm), the thyroid gland secretes the thyroid
hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and/or thyroxine (T4). When T3 and/or T4 are overproduced, systemic
adrenergic activity increases. The result is epinephrine overproduction and severe hypermetabolism, leading
rapidly to cardiac, GI, and sympathetic nervous system decompensation.
Question: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is caused by: resistance to insulin action in target tissues. abnormal insulin
secretion. beta cell destruction. inappropriate hepatic glycogenesis.
Answer: beta cell destruction
Question: Symptoms of thyrotoxicosis include: hypotension. bradycardia. low cardiac output. cardiac
arrythmia.
Answer: cardiac arrhythmia An increase in metabolism causes a rise in oxygen consumption and production of
metabolic end products, with an accompanying increase in vasodilation.
Question: The majority of patients with simple goiters are expected to have: elevated triiodothyronine (T3)
levels. elevated thyroxine (T4) levels. a euthyroid state. a low level of serum thyroid stimulation hormone.
Answer: a euthyroid state
Question: The most common cause of hypothyroidism is: Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Graves' disease. thyroid
storm. abnormal iodine metabolism.
Answer: Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
Question: The complication associated with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes that is NOT a microvascular
complication is: nephropathy. neuropathy. retinopathy. peripheral arterial disease.
Answer: peripheral arterial disease.
Question: The adrenal glands are responsible for producing: testosterone. leukotrienes. epinephrine.
prostaglandins.
Answer: epinephrine The adrenal glands produce steroidal hormones (aldosterone and cortisol; adrenal
androgens and estrogens) and catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine).
| Latest Update 2026/2027
Question: The most common cause of secondary hypothyroidism is: increased secretion of
thyrotropin-releasing hormone by the hypothalamus. low intake of dietary iodine or abnormal iodine
metabolism. increased secretion of thyrotropin hormone by the pituitary gland. low secretion of thyrotropin
hormone by the pituitary gland.
Answer: low secretion of thyrotropin hormone by the pituitary gland.
Question: Patients with Graves disease may experience comorbid diseases including: peptic ulcer disease. iron
deficiency anemia. lupus erythematosus. thyroid cancer.
Answer: lupus erythematosus Increased risk for multiple autoimmune conditions
Question: Hypofunction of the adrenal cortex that results in an inadequate release of glucocorticoids is: Sprue
syndrome. Cushing syndrome. Addison's disease. hypoparathyroidism.
Answer: Addison's disease Addison's disease results from inadequate production of cortisol.
Question: Diabetes is the leading cause of: urosepsis. end-stage renal disease. acute coronary syndrome.
pancreatitis.
Answer: end-stage renal disease Diabetes is a leading cause of end-stage renal disease, adult-onset blindness,
and nontraumatic lower extremity amputations in the United States. The chronic hyperglycemia that is
associated with diabetes mellitus and a dysregulated metabolic system may be associated with secondary
damage in multiple organ systems, especially the kidneys, eyes, nerves, and blood vessels.
Question: An autoimmune disorder characterized by abnormal stimulation of the thyroid gland by antibodies
that act through normal TSH receptors is: celiac disease. Graves' disease. Multiple sclerosis. Sjogren's
syndrome.
Answer: Graves' disease, one of the autoimmune thyroid diseases, is caused by the production of IgG
autoantibodies directed against the thyrotropin receptor. These antibodies bind to and activate the receptor,
causing the autonomous production of thyroid hormones.
Question: In a patient with hyperglycemia, the nurse practitioner knows that hyperosmolar hyperglycemic
nonketotic syndrome (HHNS) will NOT produce: dehydration.term-3 glycosuria. high glucose levels.
ketogenesis.
Answer: ketogenesis In the patient with hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic state (HHNS), glucose levels
are significantly higher (>600 mg/dL) than in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA; >250 mg/dL). Glycosuria is also
higher in HHNS than DKA because blood glucose levels are higher. In addition, renal dysfunction is more
marked
Question: The thyroid hormone that is responsible for calcium regulation is: triiodothyronine (T3). thyroxine
(T4). thyrocalcitonin (calcitonin). thyroid-stimulating hormone.
Answer: thyrocalcitonin (calcitonin)
Question: Hyperglycemia in patients who have Type 2 diabetes can cause: anorexia. hematuria. thirst.
hyperphagia.
Answer: thirst Thirst results from the intracellular dehydration that occurs as blood glucose levels rise and
water is pulled out of body cells, including those in the thirst center.
, Question: Risk factors that predispose a patient to Graves disease include: a family history of Graves' disease
in men of the family. female sex. a history of alcoholism. being in the first trimester of pregnancy.
Answer: female sex
Question: The disorder that is caused by a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone is known as: hypercalcemia.
histiocytosis. Type 1 diabetes mellitus. diabetes insipidus.
Answer: diabetes insipidus Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a disorder of water metabolism caused by a deficiency in
antidiuretic hormone (ADH). ADH is also referred to as vasopressin. The absence of ADH allows filtered water to
be excreted in the urine instead of reabsorbed. This causes excessive urination, thirst, and fluid intake.
Question: The most common signs of newly diagnosed diabetes include: peripheral neuropathy. polyuria.
hyperphagia. blurred vision.
Answer: polyuria
Question: In thyrotoxic crisis, T3 and T4 are overproduced, causing hypermetabolism from the overproduction
of: dopamine. catecholamines. epinephrine. norepinephrine.
Answer: epinephrine In thyrotoxic crisis (also known as thyroid storm), the thyroid gland secretes the thyroid
hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and/or thyroxine (T4). When T3 and/or T4 are overproduced, systemic
adrenergic activity increases. The result is epinephrine overproduction and severe hypermetabolism, leading
rapidly to cardiac, GI, and sympathetic nervous system decompensation.
Question: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is caused by: resistance to insulin action in target tissues. abnormal insulin
secretion. beta cell destruction. inappropriate hepatic glycogenesis.
Answer: beta cell destruction
Question: Symptoms of thyrotoxicosis include: hypotension. bradycardia. low cardiac output. cardiac
arrythmia.
Answer: cardiac arrhythmia An increase in metabolism causes a rise in oxygen consumption and production of
metabolic end products, with an accompanying increase in vasodilation.
Question: The majority of patients with simple goiters are expected to have: elevated triiodothyronine (T3)
levels. elevated thyroxine (T4) levels. a euthyroid state. a low level of serum thyroid stimulation hormone.
Answer: a euthyroid state
Question: The most common cause of hypothyroidism is: Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Graves' disease. thyroid
storm. abnormal iodine metabolism.
Answer: Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
Question: The complication associated with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes that is NOT a microvascular
complication is: nephropathy. neuropathy. retinopathy. peripheral arterial disease.
Answer: peripheral arterial disease.
Question: The adrenal glands are responsible for producing: testosterone. leukotrienes. epinephrine.
prostaglandins.
Answer: epinephrine The adrenal glands produce steroidal hormones (aldosterone and cortisol; adrenal
androgens and estrogens) and catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine).
