A&P 2: Endocrine system | Questions with 100% Verified Answers | Latest Update 2026/2027

A&P 2: Endocrine system | Questions with 100% Verified
Answers | Latest Update 2026/2027
Question: Endocrine System Overview
Answer: ~integration and coordination ~endocrine glands release hormones into the bloodstream ~hormones
are characterized as chemical messengers

Question: Endocrine system Features
Answer: ~involves hormones ~hormones transported via blood ~information is transported slow ~effects may
be short OR long lasting ~responses are always involuntary ~tend to affect more than one target organ

Question: Do endocrine glands have ducts?
Answer: ~No, they are ductless ~EXOcrine glands do have ducts

Question: What are some endocrine glands?
Answer: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal, overies, testes, and pineal

Question: Anterior pituitary hormones
Answer: GH, PRL, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH

Question: Posterior pituitary hormones
Answer: Oxytocin and ADH

Question: Thyroid hormones
Answer: ~Thyroxine (T4) ~Triiodothyronine (T3) ~Calcitonin

Question: Parathyroid hormones
Answer: Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question: Adrenal cortex hormones
Answer: aldosterone, androgens, cortisol

Question: Adrenal medulla hormones
Answer: epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question: Pancreas hormones
Answer: insulin(b) and glucagon (a)

Question: Pineal hormones
Answer: melatonin

Question: Thymus hormones
Answer: thymosin

Question: Ovaries hormones
Answer: estrogen and progesterone

, Question: Testes hormones
Answer: testosterone

Question: What hormone does adipose tissue release?
Answer: ~releases leptin ~leptin controls appetite

Question: Autocrine
Answer: ~not a part of the endocrine system ~chemicals that exert effects on same cells that secrete them

Question: Paracrine
Answer: ~not a part of the endocrine system ~chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them

Question: What is a hormone?
Answer: ~can be an amino acid or steroid ~travel through the blood and regulate matabolic ~can be autocrine
or paracrine

Question: Hormone Class: amino acids
Answer: ~includes most hormones ~includes hormones ~cannot cross the plasma membrane

Question: Hormone class: steroids
Answer: ~synthesized from cholesterol ~lipid-soluble and can cross the plasma membrane

Question: What do hormones change?
Answer: ~can change the plasma membrane permeability ~changes membrane potential by opening or
closing ion channels ~stimulates synthesis of enzymes and proteins ~activate and deactivate enzymes
~stimulate mitosis

Question: Plasma membrane mechanism
Answer: ~hydrophilic hormones (water-soluble) ~all amino acid proteins except the thyroid ~process:
hormone binds to the receptor, receptor uses 2nd messenger signaling to signal the hormone itself, then the
signal amplifies

Question: Internal mechanism
Answer: ~hydrophobic hormones ~intracellular receptor ~alters gene expression

Question: Specificity
Answer: ~a cell must have a specific receptor to which a hormone can bind to ~then the target cell can
actually respond to the hormone ~many different cells in different organs may have the same receptor

Question: Target cell activation depends on three factors
Answer: 1. Blood levels of the hormone
2. Relative number of receptors on or in the target cell
3. Affinity of binding between receptor and hormone

Question: Up-regulation
Answer: ~target cells form more receptors in response to the low hormone levels