BIOS 256 (A&P 4) FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Ch.24
Villi
Fingerlike projections of the mucosa of the small intestines aid in absorption
Microvilli enhance the absorption effectiveness of the small intestines by
increasing the surface area
Pancreas and Biliary Tree
The main pancreatic duct and common bile duct join and empty into the
duodenum
Liver and Gallbladder
The liver makes bile
o Aids in digestion
o Made up of water, bile salts, bile pigments
o Bile salts play a role in emulsification
Breakdown of large lipid globules into small lipids
The gallbladder stores bile until it is needed.
Pancreas
Exocrine (digestion)
o Exocrine cells arranged in clusters called acini
o Acini produces digestive enzymes
Endocrine (hormone)
o Pancreatic islets
o Each islet includes hormone secreting cells
Alpha secrete glucagon
Beta secrete insulin
Absorptive state- hormonal regulation in the absorptive state
The effects of insulin dominate in the absorptive state. Anabolic hormone. It
makes things.
Insulin also helps get rid of glucose in blood.
Ch. 25
Summary of Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration will generate either 30 or 32 ATP molecules for each
molecule of glucose catabolized.
Forms 6 water molecules.
Summary of Principle reactions
Glycolysis, krebs cycle, and especially ETC provide all ATP for cellular
activities
, Krebs and ETC are aerobic processes
ETC occurs within inner mitochondrial membrane
Glucose is converted into pyruvic acid. If oxygen acetyl coA krebs cycle
makes NADH AND FADH2
ETC makes 28 or 26 ATP.
Ch. 26
Water Reabsorption
Obligatory water reabsorption- 90%
o Water follows the solutes that are reabsorbed
o Mostly in proximal convoluted tubules.
Facultative water reabsorption- final 10%
o Occurs in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts
o Regulated by ADH
Low adh- large volume of dilute urine
High adh- small amount of concentrated urine
Filtrate passes from glomerular capsule to the renal tubule
o Filtration occurs in glomerulus.
o The largest amount of solutes and water reabsorption occur in the proximal
convoluted tubules.
o Pic on page 14
o Adh works in collecting duct
o Largest amount of water reabsorbed in proximal convoluted tubule
Function of nephron
o 1. Glomerular filtration
o 2. Tubular reabsorption
o 3. Tubular secretion
o Pic on slide 15
Hormonal Regulation of Tubular Reabsorption and tubular secretion
o Angiotensin 2- hold on to salt and water
o Aldosterone- hold on to salt and water
o ADH- hold onto water
o ANP- gets rid of fluid and salt,, made by the heart. – term called naturesis
Urine comp
o Kidney excretes urea and creatinine.
o In 1 day we filter 1.6g of creatinine a day. We do not reabsorb any.
o In 1 day we filter 54 grams and reabsorb ½ the other half is excreted.
Ch.24
Villi
Fingerlike projections of the mucosa of the small intestines aid in absorption
Microvilli enhance the absorption effectiveness of the small intestines by
increasing the surface area
Pancreas and Biliary Tree
The main pancreatic duct and common bile duct join and empty into the
duodenum
Liver and Gallbladder
The liver makes bile
o Aids in digestion
o Made up of water, bile salts, bile pigments
o Bile salts play a role in emulsification
Breakdown of large lipid globules into small lipids
The gallbladder stores bile until it is needed.
Pancreas
Exocrine (digestion)
o Exocrine cells arranged in clusters called acini
o Acini produces digestive enzymes
Endocrine (hormone)
o Pancreatic islets
o Each islet includes hormone secreting cells
Alpha secrete glucagon
Beta secrete insulin
Absorptive state- hormonal regulation in the absorptive state
The effects of insulin dominate in the absorptive state. Anabolic hormone. It
makes things.
Insulin also helps get rid of glucose in blood.
Ch. 25
Summary of Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration will generate either 30 or 32 ATP molecules for each
molecule of glucose catabolized.
Forms 6 water molecules.
Summary of Principle reactions
Glycolysis, krebs cycle, and especially ETC provide all ATP for cellular
activities
, Krebs and ETC are aerobic processes
ETC occurs within inner mitochondrial membrane
Glucose is converted into pyruvic acid. If oxygen acetyl coA krebs cycle
makes NADH AND FADH2
ETC makes 28 or 26 ATP.
Ch. 26
Water Reabsorption
Obligatory water reabsorption- 90%
o Water follows the solutes that are reabsorbed
o Mostly in proximal convoluted tubules.
Facultative water reabsorption- final 10%
o Occurs in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts
o Regulated by ADH
Low adh- large volume of dilute urine
High adh- small amount of concentrated urine
Filtrate passes from glomerular capsule to the renal tubule
o Filtration occurs in glomerulus.
o The largest amount of solutes and water reabsorption occur in the proximal
convoluted tubules.
o Pic on page 14
o Adh works in collecting duct
o Largest amount of water reabsorbed in proximal convoluted tubule
Function of nephron
o 1. Glomerular filtration
o 2. Tubular reabsorption
o 3. Tubular secretion
o Pic on slide 15
Hormonal Regulation of Tubular Reabsorption and tubular secretion
o Angiotensin 2- hold on to salt and water
o Aldosterone- hold on to salt and water
o ADH- hold onto water
o ANP- gets rid of fluid and salt,, made by the heart. – term called naturesis
Urine comp
o Kidney excretes urea and creatinine.
o In 1 day we filter 1.6g of creatinine a day. We do not reabsorb any.
o In 1 day we filter 54 grams and reabsorb ½ the other half is excreted.
