Biology 103 Final Exam
What are the 3 domains?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Charles Darwin's Natural Selection
-Individuals with heritable traits best suited to the environment are more likely to reproduce.
-As a result, future generations will have advantageous traits. (Evolutionary adaptation)
Which 4 elements make up about 96% of the weight of the living?
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
Water is a ____ molecule.
-Polar; It is negative on one side and positive on the other.
-It expands when frozen and is its heaviest at 4 degrees C.
What are the basic building blocks?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
A polymer is a macromolecule who's building blocks are ____.
Monomers
A carbohydrate is a macromolecule who's building blocks are _____.
Carbs serve as _____.
-monosaccharides (glucose) C, H, O
-energy and structure
A protein is a macromolecule who's building blocks are ____.
Proteins serve as ____.
-amino acids (20) C, H, O, N, (S)
-energy, structure, and enzymes
-a protein's specific shape determines its function
A lipid is a macromolecule who's building blocks are ____.
Lipids serve as ____.
-fatty acids (3 make triglyceride) C, H, O, (P)
-energy and structure; lipids give long term energy storage
,A nucleic acid is a macromolecule who's building blocks are ____.
Nucleic acids serve as ____.
-nucleotides C, H, O, N, P
-cell control and information storage
A nucleotide is made up of ___, ____, and ____.
5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group
Central Dogma
DNA makes RNA makes Protein
What is DNA?
-Makes up genes and is inherited from an organism's parents
-provides its own direction for replication
-protein synthesis
-transcribed into RNA which is later translated into proteins
Purines
Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidines
Cytosine and Thymine
Primary Structure of Amino Acids
The primary structure refers to amino acid linear sequence of the polypeptide chain. The primary
structure is held together by covalent bonds such as peptide bonds, which are made during the process
of protein biosynthesis or translation.
Secondary Structure of Amino Acids
the folding and coiling of the polypeptides into repeating configuration; results in an alpha helix
Tertiary Structure of Amino Acids
How the chain folds into globules in 3D. This folding is due to interactions between the R groups of
distant amino acids
Quaternary Structure of Amino Acids
Formed when a number of polypeptide chains are covalently joined
, Bacteria and archaea are _____ cells.
Prokaryotic
In prokaryotic cells, DNA is ____.
coiled into a region called the nucleoid but no membrane surrounds the DNA
Endosymbiotic Theory
Mitochondria and chloroplasts arose when a large eukaryotic cell engulfed a prokaryote and formed a
symbiotic relationship
plasma membrane
regulates flow of material in and out of cells
cell wall
rigid exterior on bacteria and plant cells
Endoplasmic recticulum
transports new proteins; contains proteins important in metabolism
golgi complex
stack of membranes important in packaging proteins for storage
lysosomes
breaks down foreign material; digestive
peroxisomes
similar to lysosomes; differ in oxidative reactions
cytosol
fluid like portion of cytoplasm
mitochondria
energy producing; powerhouse
nucleus
contains DNA (chromosomes)
What are the 3 domains?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Charles Darwin's Natural Selection
-Individuals with heritable traits best suited to the environment are more likely to reproduce.
-As a result, future generations will have advantageous traits. (Evolutionary adaptation)
Which 4 elements make up about 96% of the weight of the living?
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
Water is a ____ molecule.
-Polar; It is negative on one side and positive on the other.
-It expands when frozen and is its heaviest at 4 degrees C.
What are the basic building blocks?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
A polymer is a macromolecule who's building blocks are ____.
Monomers
A carbohydrate is a macromolecule who's building blocks are _____.
Carbs serve as _____.
-monosaccharides (glucose) C, H, O
-energy and structure
A protein is a macromolecule who's building blocks are ____.
Proteins serve as ____.
-amino acids (20) C, H, O, N, (S)
-energy, structure, and enzymes
-a protein's specific shape determines its function
A lipid is a macromolecule who's building blocks are ____.
Lipids serve as ____.
-fatty acids (3 make triglyceride) C, H, O, (P)
-energy and structure; lipids give long term energy storage
,A nucleic acid is a macromolecule who's building blocks are ____.
Nucleic acids serve as ____.
-nucleotides C, H, O, N, P
-cell control and information storage
A nucleotide is made up of ___, ____, and ____.
5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group
Central Dogma
DNA makes RNA makes Protein
What is DNA?
-Makes up genes and is inherited from an organism's parents
-provides its own direction for replication
-protein synthesis
-transcribed into RNA which is later translated into proteins
Purines
Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidines
Cytosine and Thymine
Primary Structure of Amino Acids
The primary structure refers to amino acid linear sequence of the polypeptide chain. The primary
structure is held together by covalent bonds such as peptide bonds, which are made during the process
of protein biosynthesis or translation.
Secondary Structure of Amino Acids
the folding and coiling of the polypeptides into repeating configuration; results in an alpha helix
Tertiary Structure of Amino Acids
How the chain folds into globules in 3D. This folding is due to interactions between the R groups of
distant amino acids
Quaternary Structure of Amino Acids
Formed when a number of polypeptide chains are covalently joined
, Bacteria and archaea are _____ cells.
Prokaryotic
In prokaryotic cells, DNA is ____.
coiled into a region called the nucleoid but no membrane surrounds the DNA
Endosymbiotic Theory
Mitochondria and chloroplasts arose when a large eukaryotic cell engulfed a prokaryote and formed a
symbiotic relationship
plasma membrane
regulates flow of material in and out of cells
cell wall
rigid exterior on bacteria and plant cells
Endoplasmic recticulum
transports new proteins; contains proteins important in metabolism
golgi complex
stack of membranes important in packaging proteins for storage
lysosomes
breaks down foreign material; digestive
peroxisomes
similar to lysosomes; differ in oxidative reactions
cytosol
fluid like portion of cytoplasm
mitochondria
energy producing; powerhouse
nucleus
contains DNA (chromosomes)
