CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND ASSESSMENT
OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE FINAL PAPER
SOLVED QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
ANSWERS
◉ What blood pressure values indicate hypotension?
Answer: Systolic BP below 90 mmHg and diastolic BP below 60
mmHg.
◉ Define pulsus paradoxus and its associated disorder.
Answer: A drop in blood pressure during inhalation, commonly
associated with cardiac tamponade.
◉ List disorders that cause deviation of the trachea and note
whether they 'pull' or 'push' the trachea.
Answer: Pulmonary mass (push), tension pneumothorax (push),
atelectasis (pull), and pleural effusion (push).
◉ Describe tactile fremitus and vocal fremitus.
Answer: Tactile fremitus: vibrations felt on the chest wall; Vocal
fremitus: vibrations produced by the voice. Conditions increasing
fremitus include pneumonia; conditions decreasing fremitus include
pleural effusion.
,◉ What four conditions would result in a dull percussion note?
Answer: Pleural effusion, pneumonia, atelectasis, and tumors.
◉ What two conditions would result in a hyper-resonant percussion
note?
Answer: Conditions such as pneumothorax and emphysema.
◉ What is the normal tidal volume and I:E ratio for an adult?
Answer: Normal tidal volume is approximately 500 mL, and the I:E
ratio is typically 1:2.
◉ What is the most common symptom or complaint of a pulmonary
patient in respiratory distress?
Answer: The most common symptom is dyspnea.
◉ Describe the five different types of dyspnea.
Answer: 1. Dyspnea on exertion, 2. Orthopnea, 3. Paroxysmal
nocturnal dyspnea, 4. Trepopnea, 5. Platypnea.
◉ What changes occur in ventilatory patterns with increased lung
compliance?
, Answer: Increased lung compliance typically leads to decreased
respiratory rate and increased tidal volume.
◉ What changes occur in ventilatory patterns with decreased lung
compliance?
Answer: Decreased lung compliance leads to increased respiratory
rate and decreased tidal volume.
◉ What changes occur in ventilatory patterns with increased lung
resistance?
Answer: Increased lung resistance results in decreased airflow and
may cause prolonged expiration.
◉ What changes occur in ventilatory patterns with decreased lung
resistance?
Answer: Decreased lung resistance allows for easier airflow and may
result in a more normal breathing pattern.
◉ What are the mathematical formulas for compliance, resistance,
and work of breathing?
Answer: Compliance = change in volume/change in pressure;
Resistance = change in pressure/flow; Work of breathing = pressure
x change in volume.
OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE FINAL PAPER
SOLVED QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
ANSWERS
◉ What blood pressure values indicate hypotension?
Answer: Systolic BP below 90 mmHg and diastolic BP below 60
mmHg.
◉ Define pulsus paradoxus and its associated disorder.
Answer: A drop in blood pressure during inhalation, commonly
associated with cardiac tamponade.
◉ List disorders that cause deviation of the trachea and note
whether they 'pull' or 'push' the trachea.
Answer: Pulmonary mass (push), tension pneumothorax (push),
atelectasis (pull), and pleural effusion (push).
◉ Describe tactile fremitus and vocal fremitus.
Answer: Tactile fremitus: vibrations felt on the chest wall; Vocal
fremitus: vibrations produced by the voice. Conditions increasing
fremitus include pneumonia; conditions decreasing fremitus include
pleural effusion.
,◉ What four conditions would result in a dull percussion note?
Answer: Pleural effusion, pneumonia, atelectasis, and tumors.
◉ What two conditions would result in a hyper-resonant percussion
note?
Answer: Conditions such as pneumothorax and emphysema.
◉ What is the normal tidal volume and I:E ratio for an adult?
Answer: Normal tidal volume is approximately 500 mL, and the I:E
ratio is typically 1:2.
◉ What is the most common symptom or complaint of a pulmonary
patient in respiratory distress?
Answer: The most common symptom is dyspnea.
◉ Describe the five different types of dyspnea.
Answer: 1. Dyspnea on exertion, 2. Orthopnea, 3. Paroxysmal
nocturnal dyspnea, 4. Trepopnea, 5. Platypnea.
◉ What changes occur in ventilatory patterns with increased lung
compliance?
, Answer: Increased lung compliance typically leads to decreased
respiratory rate and increased tidal volume.
◉ What changes occur in ventilatory patterns with decreased lung
compliance?
Answer: Decreased lung compliance leads to increased respiratory
rate and decreased tidal volume.
◉ What changes occur in ventilatory patterns with increased lung
resistance?
Answer: Increased lung resistance results in decreased airflow and
may cause prolonged expiration.
◉ What changes occur in ventilatory patterns with decreased lung
resistance?
Answer: Decreased lung resistance allows for easier airflow and may
result in a more normal breathing pattern.
◉ What are the mathematical formulas for compliance, resistance,
and work of breathing?
Answer: Compliance = change in volume/change in pressure;
Resistance = change in pressure/flow; Work of breathing = pressure
x change in volume.
