A&P 102 Final Exam Ivy Tech
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1. Who regulates pituitary gland secre- hypothalamus
tion?
2. What is a hormone and how does it act? Hormones are chemical messengers that are re-
sponsible for regulation. They are secreted into
body fluids, mainly blood. It has specific actions
on target tissues, which are any tissue that has
specific receptors for that particular hormone.
3. Compare and contrast glucagon and in- Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down
sulin. glycogen and convert noncarbohydrates into
glucose and it stimulates the breakdown of fats.
Insulin promotes the formation of glycogen
from glucose, inhibits conversion of noncarbo-
hydrates into glucose, and enhances movement
of glucose through adipose and muscle cell
membranes, decreasing blood glucose concen-
tration and promotes transport of amino acids
into cells, as well as enhances synthesis of pro-
teins and fats.
Both work to keep blood glucose concentration
constant, but glucagon breaks down glycogen
into glucose and insulin forms glycogen from
glucose.
4. How are pheromones different than is a chemical signal sent between members of
hormones? the same species. Are a type of hormone that are
released in small quantities and play a big role
in physical attraction between people.
5. How is inhibin used in the body? Inhibits the anterior pituitary gland by nega-
tive feedback. This action prevents over secre-
, A&P 102 Final Exam Ivy Tech
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tion of FSH. It is secreted by cells of the testes
and ovaries. FSH is secreted by anterior pituitary
gland. It is a glycoprotein hormone.
6. Differentiate between paracrine, au- Paracrine - hormones enter the interstitial fluid
tocrine, endocrine, and exocrine but affect only neighboring cells.
glands. Autocrine - hormones affect only the secreting
cell.
Endocrine - hormones are secreted from the
interstitial fluid into the bloodstream and act on
target cells.
Exocrine - secretions enter tubes or ducts that
lead to body surfaces.
7. Describe steroid hormones. Sex hormones and adrenal cortex hormones.
Steroid hormones diffuse through cell mem-
branes and enter cytoplasm or nucleus. Then
they combine with a receptor molecule, which
together bind to DNA and promote transcription
of messenger RNA. mRNA enters the cytoplasm
and directs protein synthesis. Newly synthesized
proteins produce hormone's specific effects.
8. Describe tropic hormones. They stimulate the activity of endocrine glands
than those secreting them.
9. Describe normal blood: number of Describe normal blood: number of each cell
each cell type, pH. type, pH.
CLICK THE CARD TO FLIP IT
Blood is about 8% of body weight. Adult
blood volume is about 5 L. RBC count
is usually 4,600,000-6,200,000 in males,
4,200,000-5,400,000 in females. WBC are usual-
, A&P 102 Final Exam Ivy Tech
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ly 5,000-10,000 per cubic mm of blood. Platelets
are usually 130,000-360,000 per cubic mm of
blood. Normal blood pH is around 7.4.
10. How does the Rh factor affect a devel- Rh positive - presence of antigen D or other Rh
oping fetus and its mother? antigens on the RBC membranes.
Rh negative - lack of these antigens
If a mother is Rh negative and her baby is Rh
positive, her antibodies form to fight Rh-positive
blood cells. If a mother is Rh positive and her
baby is Rh positive, her antibodies attack the
baby's RBC. Complications can lead the baby
to develop erythroblastosis fetalis or hemolytic
disease.
11. What antigens can be found on RBC? Type A blood has A antigens on its cell surface
What antibodies can be found in the and anti-B antibodies in its plasma.
plasma? How do these create different Type B blood has B antigens on its cell surface
blood types? and anti-A antibodies in its plasma.
Type AB blood has both A and B antigens on its
cell surface and no antibodies in its plasma. (It
is the universal recipient).
Type O blood has no antigens on its cell surface,
but has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in its
plasma. (It is the universal donor).
12. Describe the different leukocytes and Neutrophils
their origins. Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
13.
, A&P 102 Final Exam Ivy Tech
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8vyo2l
Compare the formed elements of the RBCs, WBCs, and platelets all act together to
blood. maintain life. RBCs transport oxygen to the
body's tissues, WBCs fight infections in the body,
and platelets clot wounds that occur.
14. Describe the steps in clot formation. Hemostasis - the stoppage of bleeding.
1. Blood vessel spasm - smooth muscle in blood
vessel contracts
2. Platelet plug formation:
a. break in vessel wall
b. blood escapes through break
c. platelets adhere to each other, to end of bro-
ken vessel, and to exposed collagen
d. platelet plug helps control blood loss
3. Blood coagulation - clot forms (occurs extrin-
sically or intrinsically).
15. What blood types can give/receive O+ give to: O+, A+, B+, AB+ receive: O+,O-
to/from other blood types? A+ give to: A+, AB+ receive: A+, A-, O+, O-
B+ give to: B+, AB+ receive: B+, B-, O+, O-
AB+ give to: AB+ only receive: All blood types
O- give to: All blood types receive: O- only
A- give to: A-, A+, AB-, AB+ receive: A-, O-
B- give to: B-, B+, AB-, AB+ receive: B-, O-
AB- give to: AB-, AB+ receive: AB-, A-, B-, O-
16. What are normal levels and percent- 4,600,000-6,200,000 in males.
ages of RBC, WBC and platelets? 4,200,000-5,400,000 in females.
4,500,000-5,100,000 in children.
RBCs are 45% of the blood.
Neutrophils
50%-70%
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8vyo2l
1. Who regulates pituitary gland secre- hypothalamus
tion?
2. What is a hormone and how does it act? Hormones are chemical messengers that are re-
sponsible for regulation. They are secreted into
body fluids, mainly blood. It has specific actions
on target tissues, which are any tissue that has
specific receptors for that particular hormone.
3. Compare and contrast glucagon and in- Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down
sulin. glycogen and convert noncarbohydrates into
glucose and it stimulates the breakdown of fats.
Insulin promotes the formation of glycogen
from glucose, inhibits conversion of noncarbo-
hydrates into glucose, and enhances movement
of glucose through adipose and muscle cell
membranes, decreasing blood glucose concen-
tration and promotes transport of amino acids
into cells, as well as enhances synthesis of pro-
teins and fats.
Both work to keep blood glucose concentration
constant, but glucagon breaks down glycogen
into glucose and insulin forms glycogen from
glucose.
4. How are pheromones different than is a chemical signal sent between members of
hormones? the same species. Are a type of hormone that are
released in small quantities and play a big role
in physical attraction between people.
5. How is inhibin used in the body? Inhibits the anterior pituitary gland by nega-
tive feedback. This action prevents over secre-
, A&P 102 Final Exam Ivy Tech
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8vyo2l
tion of FSH. It is secreted by cells of the testes
and ovaries. FSH is secreted by anterior pituitary
gland. It is a glycoprotein hormone.
6. Differentiate between paracrine, au- Paracrine - hormones enter the interstitial fluid
tocrine, endocrine, and exocrine but affect only neighboring cells.
glands. Autocrine - hormones affect only the secreting
cell.
Endocrine - hormones are secreted from the
interstitial fluid into the bloodstream and act on
target cells.
Exocrine - secretions enter tubes or ducts that
lead to body surfaces.
7. Describe steroid hormones. Sex hormones and adrenal cortex hormones.
Steroid hormones diffuse through cell mem-
branes and enter cytoplasm or nucleus. Then
they combine with a receptor molecule, which
together bind to DNA and promote transcription
of messenger RNA. mRNA enters the cytoplasm
and directs protein synthesis. Newly synthesized
proteins produce hormone's specific effects.
8. Describe tropic hormones. They stimulate the activity of endocrine glands
than those secreting them.
9. Describe normal blood: number of Describe normal blood: number of each cell
each cell type, pH. type, pH.
CLICK THE CARD TO FLIP IT
Blood is about 8% of body weight. Adult
blood volume is about 5 L. RBC count
is usually 4,600,000-6,200,000 in males,
4,200,000-5,400,000 in females. WBC are usual-
, A&P 102 Final Exam Ivy Tech
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8vyo2l
ly 5,000-10,000 per cubic mm of blood. Platelets
are usually 130,000-360,000 per cubic mm of
blood. Normal blood pH is around 7.4.
10. How does the Rh factor affect a devel- Rh positive - presence of antigen D or other Rh
oping fetus and its mother? antigens on the RBC membranes.
Rh negative - lack of these antigens
If a mother is Rh negative and her baby is Rh
positive, her antibodies form to fight Rh-positive
blood cells. If a mother is Rh positive and her
baby is Rh positive, her antibodies attack the
baby's RBC. Complications can lead the baby
to develop erythroblastosis fetalis or hemolytic
disease.
11. What antigens can be found on RBC? Type A blood has A antigens on its cell surface
What antibodies can be found in the and anti-B antibodies in its plasma.
plasma? How do these create different Type B blood has B antigens on its cell surface
blood types? and anti-A antibodies in its plasma.
Type AB blood has both A and B antigens on its
cell surface and no antibodies in its plasma. (It
is the universal recipient).
Type O blood has no antigens on its cell surface,
but has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in its
plasma. (It is the universal donor).
12. Describe the different leukocytes and Neutrophils
their origins. Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
13.
, A&P 102 Final Exam Ivy Tech
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8vyo2l
Compare the formed elements of the RBCs, WBCs, and platelets all act together to
blood. maintain life. RBCs transport oxygen to the
body's tissues, WBCs fight infections in the body,
and platelets clot wounds that occur.
14. Describe the steps in clot formation. Hemostasis - the stoppage of bleeding.
1. Blood vessel spasm - smooth muscle in blood
vessel contracts
2. Platelet plug formation:
a. break in vessel wall
b. blood escapes through break
c. platelets adhere to each other, to end of bro-
ken vessel, and to exposed collagen
d. platelet plug helps control blood loss
3. Blood coagulation - clot forms (occurs extrin-
sically or intrinsically).
15. What blood types can give/receive O+ give to: O+, A+, B+, AB+ receive: O+,O-
to/from other blood types? A+ give to: A+, AB+ receive: A+, A-, O+, O-
B+ give to: B+, AB+ receive: B+, B-, O+, O-
AB+ give to: AB+ only receive: All blood types
O- give to: All blood types receive: O- only
A- give to: A-, A+, AB-, AB+ receive: A-, O-
B- give to: B-, B+, AB-, AB+ receive: B-, O-
AB- give to: AB-, AB+ receive: AB-, A-, B-, O-
16. What are normal levels and percent- 4,600,000-6,200,000 in males.
ages of RBC, WBC and platelets? 4,200,000-5,400,000 in females.
4,500,000-5,100,000 in children.
RBCs are 45% of the blood.
Neutrophils
50%-70%
