PHAR 1101 TEST 2 2023 (UWA) QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026

PHAR 1101 TEST 2 2023 (UWA) QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026 leading cause of death in Australia - Answers ischemic heart diseases angina symptoms - Answers pain / tightness in chest, jaw, and arms cause of angina - Answers myocardial o2 starvation coronary artery blood flow on heart is restricted due atherosclerosis what is atherosclerosis - Answers a build up of fatty plaque along the inner walls of arteries. restricts blood flow and can cause blood clots inventor of nitroglycerin - Answers Ascanio Sobrero what was nitroglycerin used for - Answers detonations and mining companies produced 'dynamite putty' by mixing with silica gel symptoms of workers in mining TNT plant factories - Answers experienced strong headaches and facial flushing when returning to work after the weekend solved issue by wearing their workclothes on the weekend skin exposure due to nitroglycerin caused vasodilationof blood vessels leading to headache william murrel's observations with nitroglycerin - Answers linked nitroglycerin and headaches, wondered if it would help angina symptoms tested on 35 healthy individuals used blood pressure measuring device and confirmed nitroglycerin benefits on angina patients how does nitroglycerin relieve angina - Answers dilates blood vessel veins in periphery (coronary artery) reduces workload of ventricle contractions (reduces heart pain symptoms) delivery modes of nitroglycerin - Answers NON oral routes, not swallowed. taken as a tablet: sublingual (under tongue) buccal (in the cheek) also taken as a patch, paste on the skin or orally removed when pain subsides to avoid headache symptoms why were polypills made - Answers for low-middle income populations fixed doses of combinations of cardiovascular drugs ie: statins, beta blockers, ace inhibitors, aspirin findings of the polypill iran studies - Answers decrease in major cardiovascular events over the next 5 years very high variability of the reactions of patients (some had little - no benefit, others has toxic / exaggerated effects) pharmacogenetics vs pharmacogenomics - Answers phargenetics: how variations in a single gene influence variable responses to a drug phargenomics: how all genes in entire human genome influence responses to a drug variability in drug responses (4 groups) - Answers beneficial / therapeutic response partial response non responsive full adverse response (toxic effects) factors that influence drug response variability - Answers age disease gender gut microbiome diet body mass genetics foreign chemicals other drugs types of genetic variation (2 types) - Answers single nucleotide variants rare mutation causes of cardiovascular disease (lifestyle) - Answers age being male family history high blood pressure high cholesterol sedentary smoking overweight / obesity excessive alcohol consumption diabetes causes of cardiovascular disease (genetics) - Answers defects in receptors that clear cholesterol in the system defects in genes that control fluid / salt balance defects in genes that sense pressure change in vessels Virchow's observation of deaths by cardiovascular disease (1st) - Answers observed fatty artery walls (antheroma) in patients who passed from occlusive vascular disease anitschow and chalatow rabbit study (2nd) - Answers feeding rabbits cholesterol produced antheromas (fatty artery walls) framingham study - Answers linked high cholesterol with cardiovascular disease lipid hypothesis - Answers increased LDL levels (low-density lipoprotein levels) is linked to coronary artery diseases, and reducing LDL = reduced risk of cardiac events what is cholesterol - Answers fat like substance essential for functioning of the body makes hormones, vitamin D, maintains cellular structure and assists in food digestion body makes it naturally how is cholesterol transported in the body - Answers HDLs and LDLs triglycerides lipoproteins HDL vs LDL - Answers LDL (low density lipoproteins) "bad cholesterol" (70% of cholesterol) LDL increases risk of cardiovascular disease HDL (high density lipoproteins) "good cholesterol" preventing cholesterol biosynthesis - Answers HMG-CoA is targetted by drug HMG-CoA is the second step to cholesterol synthesis targetted due to its water solublity : can be broken down by body targets early in the synthesis pathway to avoid further toxic precursors forming mevastatin - Answers first statin drug to target HMG-CoA and reduce cholesterol made by fermentation of Penicillin Citrinum identified by Akira Endo Lovastatin - Answers second statin drug to target HMG-CoA and reduce cholesterol first drug to be approved by FDA and is currently still used in modern statins albert and chen at merck research labs effect of statins - Answers decreases the body's production (inhibits HMG-CoA) increases / upregulates LDL receptors meaning: the body produces less cholesterol AND increases the body's ability to clear LDL from the blood (by increased receptors) benefits of statin therapy - Answers stabilising antherosclerotic plaques in the blood vessels anti clotting effects reduced risk of dementia antiimflammatory effects risks of statins - Answers can lead to SAMs (statin associated muscle symptoms) neurological effects onset of type 2 diabetes renal and liver toxicity PCKS9 inhibitors - Answers can be used alongside statins reduces degradation of LDL receptors reduce cholesterol non specific immunity - Answers mechanisms of defence in the body that prevent against foreign particles and pathogens that are percieved to be harmful phagocytes eliminate pathogens specific immunity - Answers relies on white blood cells (t and b lymphocytes) humoral immunity (b cells) cellular immunity (t cells) b cells - Answers mature and differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies production triggered by t cell signalling produced based on specific antigens antibodies attack antigens t cells - Answers t helper cells activates b cells to divide into plasma cells activates killer t cells killer t cells (cytotoxic t cells) identify and destroys infected cells regulatory t cells suppresses immune response after threat is contained or gone inoculation - Answers harvesting pus from active infection sites (smallpox) onto a healthy person to develop the smallpox disease and therefore develop immunity who discovered inoculation - Answers Lady Mary Wortley Montagu from the UK noticed that people in Turkey had smallpox scars , and learnt about inoculation Who observed that dairymaids who got cowpox would be immune to smallpox - Answers Edward Jenner first 'vaccination' - Answers cowpox inoculations to produce immunity against smallpox vacca = cow , vaccinia = cowpox how attenuated vaccines were discovered - Answers Pasteur discovered that bacterial cultures lost virulence over time if they were exposed to air, and became weakened / attenuated used experiments with attenuated bacterial cultures of anthrazand resulted in immunisation vaccinated against rabies in dogs and humans as well. antitoxin therapy - Answers uses antibodies made by another animal or immune system that is used to create an immune response in person it is injected into, provides immunity first antitoxin vaccine - Answers Diphtheria bacteria does not attenuate Kitasato and von Behring extracted heat treated toxin from the bacteria and injected pig with it pig produced antitoxin (antibodies) against it antitoxin used to vaccinate / immunise against diphtheria MMR vaccine - Answers measles, mumps, rubella live attenuated bacterium used for all three in a single dose MMR vaccine and autism controversy - Answers Andrew Wakefield publishes a theory that links measles vaccine with 'neurodevelopmental regression' (autism) evidence not backed up or scientifically proven severe national decrease of population that had vaccines after airing of misinformation lead to major outbreaks and first deaths of measles in decades factors leading to vaccine hesitancy - Answers low percieved risk of disease misinformation vaccine failiures fear of safety doubts of seriousness of disease effectiveness concerns lack of trust of large manufacturing companies bundaberg vaccine tragedy - Answers Australia - 1928 diphtheria vaccines contaminated with staph infection resulted in 12 deaths of children after inoculation Lübeck vaccine disaster - Answers Germany - 1929 BCG vaccines (anti tuberculosis) contaminated with fully virulent mycobacterium lead to death of 72 neonate infants by tuberculosis and 173 with clinical symptoms of TB Cutter vaccine incident - Answers United states - 1955 vaccine for polio not inactivated properly 120,000 vaccinated and 40,000 developed polio, 51 paralysed and 5 children died lead to polio epidemic dengvaxia vaccine controversy - Answers philippines - 2016/2017