BIO 141 EXAM 4 REVIEW 2026/2027 | BIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE,
PRACTICE QUESTIONS & COMPREHENSIVE EXAM PREP
virus - correct answer ✔✔an infectious particle consisting of genes packaged in a protein coat
viruses are not - correct answer ✔✔cells
viral genome - correct answer ✔✔can be either DNA or RNA, single or double stranded
capsid - correct answer ✔✔The protein shell that encloses a viral genome, made of capsomeres
viral envelope - correct answer ✔✔surrounds the capsids of viruses like influenza
to replicate, viruses need__ - correct answer ✔✔a host
host range - correct answer ✔✔the limited range of host cells that each type of virus can infect.
determined by proteins on surface.
DNA cloning - correct answer ✔✔the production of multiple copies of a specific DNA segment using
stem cells
PCR (polymerase chain reaction) - correct answer ✔✔is used to copy and amplify minute quantities of
DNA (needs Taq)
stem cells - correct answer ✔✔unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of
time by cell division
evolution - correct answer ✔✔descent with modification
ecology - correct answer ✔✔study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their
environment
taxonomy - correct answer ✔✔the science of classifying organisms
natural selection - correct answer ✔✔a process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits
tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.
homology - correct answer ✔✔similarity resulting from common ancestry
vestigial structures - correct answer ✔✔remnant of a structure that may have had an important function
in a species' ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species.
phylogeny - correct answer ✔✔Hypothesis about relationships among species
fossil record - correct answer ✔✔provides evidence of evolution through extinct species
PRACTICE QUESTIONS & COMPREHENSIVE EXAM PREP
virus - correct answer ✔✔an infectious particle consisting of genes packaged in a protein coat
viruses are not - correct answer ✔✔cells
viral genome - correct answer ✔✔can be either DNA or RNA, single or double stranded
capsid - correct answer ✔✔The protein shell that encloses a viral genome, made of capsomeres
viral envelope - correct answer ✔✔surrounds the capsids of viruses like influenza
to replicate, viruses need__ - correct answer ✔✔a host
host range - correct answer ✔✔the limited range of host cells that each type of virus can infect.
determined by proteins on surface.
DNA cloning - correct answer ✔✔the production of multiple copies of a specific DNA segment using
stem cells
PCR (polymerase chain reaction) - correct answer ✔✔is used to copy and amplify minute quantities of
DNA (needs Taq)
stem cells - correct answer ✔✔unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of
time by cell division
evolution - correct answer ✔✔descent with modification
ecology - correct answer ✔✔study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their
environment
taxonomy - correct answer ✔✔the science of classifying organisms
natural selection - correct answer ✔✔a process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits
tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.
homology - correct answer ✔✔similarity resulting from common ancestry
vestigial structures - correct answer ✔✔remnant of a structure that may have had an important function
in a species' ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species.
phylogeny - correct answer ✔✔Hypothesis about relationships among species
fossil record - correct answer ✔✔provides evidence of evolution through extinct species
