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Thermodynamics 1

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Lecture notes on thermodynamics, which introduces the basic concepts of thermodynamics and its laws. Notes also has a self assessment on what is learn't after each chapter.

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PHY1506/000/0/2025




Lecture Notes

Electromagnetism and Heat
PHY1506

Year Module

Department of Physics

This tutorial letter contains lecture notes on the first
part of this module




Bar code

,PHY1506/000/0




2

,Contents

1 Introduction 7
1.1 Definition of basic concepts of Thermodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2 State variables and units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2.1 Fundamental variables and units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2.2 Secondary variables and units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2 Description of the matter 11
2.1 Macroscopic states of the matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 Microscopic constituents of the matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.1 Atomic mass and atomic mass number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.2 Mole and molar mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3 Thermal equations of state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3.2 Concept of Ideal gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3.3 Law of ideal gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3.4 Ideal gas processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3.6 Self-assessment questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

3 First Law of Thermodynamics 27
3.1 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.2 Work in an ideal gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.2.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.2.2 Work during an isochoric process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.2.3 Work in an isobaric process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2.4 Work in an isothermal process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29



3

, PHY1506/000/0 CONTENTS


3.3 Heat in an Ideal gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.3.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.3.2 Units of heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.3.3 Heat during an isochoric process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.3.4 Heat during an isobaric process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.3.5 Difference between Heat and Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.3.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.4 Statement of the first law of Thermodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.5 ∆U for different processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.5.1 Isochoric process: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.5.2 Isothermal process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.5.3 Isobaric process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.5.4 Adiabatic process: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.5.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.6 Self-assessment questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

4 Heat Transfer and Calorimetry 47
4.1 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.2 Heat transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.2.1 Conduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.2.2 Convection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.2.3 Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.3 Calorimetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.3.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.3.2 Change of phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.3.3 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.4 Self-assessment questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

5 Kinetic theory of gases: From macroscopic to microscopic description 63
5.1 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.2 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.3 Mean free path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.3.1 Solved Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
5.3.2 Root-Mean-Square speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66



4

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August 19, 2026
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