NSG 5140 Midterm and Final Exam Review
Adv Pathophysiology South College NSG
5140 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam
Questions and Answers | 100% Pass
Guaranteed | Graded A+
1. What is the primary mechanism of cellular injury in hypoxia?
A. Oxidative stress
B. ATP depletion
C. DNA fragmentation
D. Inflammatory cytokine release
Answer: B. ATP depletion
Rationale: ATP depletion impairs the sodium-potassium pump, leading
to cellular swelling and dysfunction.
2. Which organ is most susceptible to ischemia?
A. Liver
B. Brain
C. Skin
, D. Pancreas
Answer: B. Brain
Rationale: The brain has a high metabolic demand and limited capacity
for anaerobic metabolism.
3. A patient with chronic hypertension experiences left ventricular
hypertrophy. This is an example of:
A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Atrophy
Answer: B. Hypertrophy
Rationale: Hypertrophy refers to an increase in cell size due to
increased workload, commonly seen in cardiac muscle.
4. Which of the following best describes apoptosis?
A. Programmed cell death
B. Accidental necrosis
C. Chronic inflammation
D. Cell lysis due to trauma
Answer: A. Programmed cell death
,Rationale:Apoptosis is an organized, energy-dependent process of
cellular self-destruction.
5. What is the primary role of cytokines in inflammation?
A. Kill bacteria
B. Promote fibrosis
C. Regulate immune response
D. Activate platelets
Answer: C. Regulate immune response
Rationale: Cytokines coordinate the inflammatory response by
modulating the activity of immune cells.
6. Which immune cell is first to arrive during acute inflammation?
A. Macrophages
B. Neutrophils
C. B lymphocytes
D. Eosinophils
Answer: B. Neutrophils
Rationale: Neutrophils are the first responders to infection and injury
during acute inflammation.
, 7. What type of hypersensitivity reaction involves IgE and mast
cells?
A. Type II
B. Type III
C. Type IV
D. Type I
Answer: D. Type I
Rationale: Type I hypersensitivity is mediated by IgE antibodies bound
to mast cells, causing histamine release.
8. Which cytokine is primarily responsible for fever?
A. IL-10
B. TNF-alpha
C. IL-1
D. IL-4
Answer: C. IL-1
Rationale: IL-1 acts on the hypothalamus and increases the body's
temperature set point, producing fever.
9. A granuloma is typically formed in response to:
A. Persistent infection
B. Allergic reactions
C. Acute inflammation
D. Viral replication
Answer: A. Persistent infection
Adv Pathophysiology South College NSG
5140 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam
Questions and Answers | 100% Pass
Guaranteed | Graded A+
1. What is the primary mechanism of cellular injury in hypoxia?
A. Oxidative stress
B. ATP depletion
C. DNA fragmentation
D. Inflammatory cytokine release
Answer: B. ATP depletion
Rationale: ATP depletion impairs the sodium-potassium pump, leading
to cellular swelling and dysfunction.
2. Which organ is most susceptible to ischemia?
A. Liver
B. Brain
C. Skin
, D. Pancreas
Answer: B. Brain
Rationale: The brain has a high metabolic demand and limited capacity
for anaerobic metabolism.
3. A patient with chronic hypertension experiences left ventricular
hypertrophy. This is an example of:
A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Atrophy
Answer: B. Hypertrophy
Rationale: Hypertrophy refers to an increase in cell size due to
increased workload, commonly seen in cardiac muscle.
4. Which of the following best describes apoptosis?
A. Programmed cell death
B. Accidental necrosis
C. Chronic inflammation
D. Cell lysis due to trauma
Answer: A. Programmed cell death
,Rationale:Apoptosis is an organized, energy-dependent process of
cellular self-destruction.
5. What is the primary role of cytokines in inflammation?
A. Kill bacteria
B. Promote fibrosis
C. Regulate immune response
D. Activate platelets
Answer: C. Regulate immune response
Rationale: Cytokines coordinate the inflammatory response by
modulating the activity of immune cells.
6. Which immune cell is first to arrive during acute inflammation?
A. Macrophages
B. Neutrophils
C. B lymphocytes
D. Eosinophils
Answer: B. Neutrophils
Rationale: Neutrophils are the first responders to infection and injury
during acute inflammation.
, 7. What type of hypersensitivity reaction involves IgE and mast
cells?
A. Type II
B. Type III
C. Type IV
D. Type I
Answer: D. Type I
Rationale: Type I hypersensitivity is mediated by IgE antibodies bound
to mast cells, causing histamine release.
8. Which cytokine is primarily responsible for fever?
A. IL-10
B. TNF-alpha
C. IL-1
D. IL-4
Answer: C. IL-1
Rationale: IL-1 acts on the hypothalamus and increases the body's
temperature set point, producing fever.
9. A granuloma is typically formed in response to:
A. Persistent infection
B. Allergic reactions
C. Acute inflammation
D. Viral replication
Answer: A. Persistent infection
