Online Instructor’s Manual
with Testbank
for
Investigating
Difference:
Human and Cultural Relations in
Criminal Justice
Third Edition
Sarah Prior
Editor
Lynn Jones
Editor
Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco
Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto
Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
,___________________________________________________________________________________________
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of
America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to
any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please
submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, 330 Hudson Street, New York, NY
10013
Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where
those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have
been printed in initial caps or all caps.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-300908-8
www.pearsonhighered.com ISBN-10: 0-13-300908-4
Forward – Karen Pugliesi
1. Introduction: Investigating Difference – Sarah Prior and Lynn Jones
, a. Chapter Overview: This chapter provides a brief overview of the third edition of
the book and an overview for how difference continues to matter in how people
experience the criminal justice system. The first chapter provides a road map to
changes and additions to the third edition and emphasizes the need to
understand experiences with the criminal justice system through an intersectional
lens.
b. Chapter Objectives:
● Familiarize the reader with changes and additions to the third edition
● Explain how difference continues to matter in terms of how individuals
experience their interactions with the criminal justice system as victims,
offenders or professionals.
Part One: Framing Difference
Part One provides readers with an overview of how difference matters in the criminal justice
system. Rather than focusing on specific identity categories, as is done elsewhere in the text,
these chapters look at the structural and institutional components of difference and examine
how difference is constructed, criminalized, celebrated, and contested with the criminal justice
system. These chapters are meant to provide a broad understanding of how difference matters
in terms of academic theories, overall societal interaction, and in terms of the criminal justice
system. They provide the framework for the later discussions of specific categories of
difference.
2. Conceptualizing Difference – Nancy Wonders
a. Chapter Overview: In her update to the chapter ―Conceptualizing Difference,‖
Wonders provides additional clarification to her chapter in previous editions. She
discusses the power of ordinary people to construct difference differently through
politics, social movements, daily life, and, importantly, in their work as justice
professionals. She has provided additional context and elaboration on some of
the contemporary global justice challenges that are linked to difference and
provides additional attention to strategies of social change. Her updated chapter
also provides important new concepts such as cultural capital in her discussion of
social class and social stratification in her discussion of structured social
inequality. In her discussion on the socially constructed and blurred nature of
gender, she provides additional discussion of concepts like gender identity and
gender expression. Additionally, Wonders introduces the concept of
microaggressions, which is discussed throughout the text in order to highlight the
destructive impact of these kinds of devaluations. Overall, this chapter has
additional references to historical circumstances, and provides broad discussion
on issues such as the micropolitics of everyday life, color-blind and gender-
neutral ideologies, additional challenges facing a globalized world, and a
discussion of how human rights can be an important framing device.
b. Chapter Objectives:
● Explore how and why difference is socially constructed.
● Analyze the relationship between power, privilege, and difference.
● Explain how soft and hard social control, categorization, prejudice,
stereotyping, discrimination, and law help to create and maintain difference.
● Explore how the concept of intersectionality informs consideration of
difference.
● Discuss the consequences of the social construction of difference for justice
professionals.
● Consider the challenges and opportunities globalization poses for
investigating difference and attaining greater justice for all.
, c. Lecture Outline:
i. Objectives
ii. Overview
iii. Difference is Socially Constructed
iv. Difference Matters
v. Law Plays a Critical Role in Creating and Maintaining Difference; It Can
Also be used to Ameliorate the Negative Consequences of Difference
vi. Differences Overlap and Intersect with one another
vii. Differences and Their Consequences can be Changed
viii. Difference and the Pursuit of Justice in a Globalized World
ix. Questions for Review
d. Media Suggestions:
i. ―Prejudice vs. Discrimination: Crash Course Psychology #39‖
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYSQzq_wOTU
ii. ―Gender as a spectrum and not a divide‖ (PBS)
http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/videos/gender-as-a-spectrum-not-a-
divide/
iii. Crash (2004)
iv. Prom Night in Mississippi (2009)
3. Conceptualizing Difference through an Intersectional Lens – Sarah Prior and Lynn
Jones
a. Chapter Overview: Building on Wonders’ incredibly strong introduction, Prior
and Jones’ newly added chapter provides readers with additional theoretical
discussion on some of the important concepts that are emphasized throughout
the book. First, Prior and Jones provide a much more thorough discussion of the
theoretical concept intersectionality. They build on Wonders’ brief discussion and
elaborate on the historical nature of the concept and how it has been used.
Kimberle Crenshaw (1989) originally coined intersectionality when she attempted
to discuss the experiences of women of color, specifically black women, in the
legal sphere. Similar to Wonders, Prior and Jones expand on the point that
understanding the experience of blacks and then analyzing the experience of
women is by no means the same as understanding the experience of black
women. The fact that multiple identity categories can be compounded to further
disadvantage and oppress certain groups of people further emphasizes the need
to understand difference from an intersectional framework. While intersectionality
can be an important framing tool, some scholars have argued that it has been
applied in an inconsistent and messy manner and instead urge us to utilize other
frameworks such as Ken’s (2007) interlocking oppressions framework. In their
discussion of interlocking oppressions, Prior and Jones highlight some of Ken’s
key arguments such as the use of social locations as a tool to think theoretically
about both social and physical locations because individuals are often relegated
to specific social locations that come with a variety of advantages and
disadvantages. In using the term interlocking, Ken is pushing scholars and
activists to recognize that social identity categories do not merely intersect one
another. They are ―completely bound up with one another, incapable of being
separated‖ (Ken, 2007, p. 13). Prior and Jones also highlight the fact that the
previous discussion of race, class, and gender tended to ignore the experiences
of ―unmarked‖ normative groups such as white people, members of the middle
with Testbank
for
Investigating
Difference:
Human and Cultural Relations in
Criminal Justice
Third Edition
Sarah Prior
Editor
Lynn Jones
Editor
Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco
Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto
Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
,___________________________________________________________________________________________
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of
America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to
any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please
submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, 330 Hudson Street, New York, NY
10013
Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where
those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have
been printed in initial caps or all caps.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-300908-8
www.pearsonhighered.com ISBN-10: 0-13-300908-4
Forward – Karen Pugliesi
1. Introduction: Investigating Difference – Sarah Prior and Lynn Jones
, a. Chapter Overview: This chapter provides a brief overview of the third edition of
the book and an overview for how difference continues to matter in how people
experience the criminal justice system. The first chapter provides a road map to
changes and additions to the third edition and emphasizes the need to
understand experiences with the criminal justice system through an intersectional
lens.
b. Chapter Objectives:
● Familiarize the reader with changes and additions to the third edition
● Explain how difference continues to matter in terms of how individuals
experience their interactions with the criminal justice system as victims,
offenders or professionals.
Part One: Framing Difference
Part One provides readers with an overview of how difference matters in the criminal justice
system. Rather than focusing on specific identity categories, as is done elsewhere in the text,
these chapters look at the structural and institutional components of difference and examine
how difference is constructed, criminalized, celebrated, and contested with the criminal justice
system. These chapters are meant to provide a broad understanding of how difference matters
in terms of academic theories, overall societal interaction, and in terms of the criminal justice
system. They provide the framework for the later discussions of specific categories of
difference.
2. Conceptualizing Difference – Nancy Wonders
a. Chapter Overview: In her update to the chapter ―Conceptualizing Difference,‖
Wonders provides additional clarification to her chapter in previous editions. She
discusses the power of ordinary people to construct difference differently through
politics, social movements, daily life, and, importantly, in their work as justice
professionals. She has provided additional context and elaboration on some of
the contemporary global justice challenges that are linked to difference and
provides additional attention to strategies of social change. Her updated chapter
also provides important new concepts such as cultural capital in her discussion of
social class and social stratification in her discussion of structured social
inequality. In her discussion on the socially constructed and blurred nature of
gender, she provides additional discussion of concepts like gender identity and
gender expression. Additionally, Wonders introduces the concept of
microaggressions, which is discussed throughout the text in order to highlight the
destructive impact of these kinds of devaluations. Overall, this chapter has
additional references to historical circumstances, and provides broad discussion
on issues such as the micropolitics of everyday life, color-blind and gender-
neutral ideologies, additional challenges facing a globalized world, and a
discussion of how human rights can be an important framing device.
b. Chapter Objectives:
● Explore how and why difference is socially constructed.
● Analyze the relationship between power, privilege, and difference.
● Explain how soft and hard social control, categorization, prejudice,
stereotyping, discrimination, and law help to create and maintain difference.
● Explore how the concept of intersectionality informs consideration of
difference.
● Discuss the consequences of the social construction of difference for justice
professionals.
● Consider the challenges and opportunities globalization poses for
investigating difference and attaining greater justice for all.
, c. Lecture Outline:
i. Objectives
ii. Overview
iii. Difference is Socially Constructed
iv. Difference Matters
v. Law Plays a Critical Role in Creating and Maintaining Difference; It Can
Also be used to Ameliorate the Negative Consequences of Difference
vi. Differences Overlap and Intersect with one another
vii. Differences and Their Consequences can be Changed
viii. Difference and the Pursuit of Justice in a Globalized World
ix. Questions for Review
d. Media Suggestions:
i. ―Prejudice vs. Discrimination: Crash Course Psychology #39‖
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYSQzq_wOTU
ii. ―Gender as a spectrum and not a divide‖ (PBS)
http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/videos/gender-as-a-spectrum-not-a-
divide/
iii. Crash (2004)
iv. Prom Night in Mississippi (2009)
3. Conceptualizing Difference through an Intersectional Lens – Sarah Prior and Lynn
Jones
a. Chapter Overview: Building on Wonders’ incredibly strong introduction, Prior
and Jones’ newly added chapter provides readers with additional theoretical
discussion on some of the important concepts that are emphasized throughout
the book. First, Prior and Jones provide a much more thorough discussion of the
theoretical concept intersectionality. They build on Wonders’ brief discussion and
elaborate on the historical nature of the concept and how it has been used.
Kimberle Crenshaw (1989) originally coined intersectionality when she attempted
to discuss the experiences of women of color, specifically black women, in the
legal sphere. Similar to Wonders, Prior and Jones expand on the point that
understanding the experience of blacks and then analyzing the experience of
women is by no means the same as understanding the experience of black
women. The fact that multiple identity categories can be compounded to further
disadvantage and oppress certain groups of people further emphasizes the need
to understand difference from an intersectional framework. While intersectionality
can be an important framing tool, some scholars have argued that it has been
applied in an inconsistent and messy manner and instead urge us to utilize other
frameworks such as Ken’s (2007) interlocking oppressions framework. In their
discussion of interlocking oppressions, Prior and Jones highlight some of Ken’s
key arguments such as the use of social locations as a tool to think theoretically
about both social and physical locations because individuals are often relegated
to specific social locations that come with a variety of advantages and
disadvantages. In using the term interlocking, Ken is pushing scholars and
activists to recognize that social identity categories do not merely intersect one
another. They are ―completely bound up with one another, incapable of being
separated‖ (Ken, 2007, p. 13). Prior and Jones also highlight the fact that the
previous discussion of race, class, and gender tended to ignore the experiences
of ―unmarked‖ normative groups such as white people, members of the middle
