NURS 676 FINAL 100 EXAM SCRIPT 2026 TEST
PAPER QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED
A+
◉ Type 1 diabetes diagnosis.
Answer: -fasting plasma glucose >/= 126 mg/dL
-random plasma glucose >/= 200mg/dL PLUS symptoms
- Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT): 2-h plasma glucose >/=
200mg/dL
-hemoglobin A1C 6.5 or higher
◉ which cells produce insulin.
Answer: Beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in pancreas
◉ Type 1 diabetes management.
Answer: 1. diet
2. self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG)
3. Physical activity
4. Insulin replacement
◉ what is given to manage hypertension in diabetics.
,Answer: ACEIs or ARBs
-reduces risk for diabetic nephropathy
◉ what is given to manage dyslipidemia in diabetics.
Answer: Statins
◉ Type 1 diabetes complications.
Answer: Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
heart disease, renal failure, blindness, neuropathy, amputations,
impotence, stroke
◉ Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) pathophysiology.
Answer: when insulin is not present to move glucose into cells for
energy, the body begins to metabolize fat; fatty acid metabolism
results in the formation of ketone bodies; ketone bodies are acidic
and produce metabolic acidosis, diuresis, and electrolyte loss
◉ Type 2 diabetes management.
Answer: 1. lifestyle changes PLUS metformin
2. add a second drug (thiazolidinedione, DPP-4 inhibitor, SGLT-2
inhibitor, or GLP-1 receptor agonist
3. 3 drug combo
,4. Insulin & GLP-1 receptor agonist
◉ Metformin.
Answer: Biguanide
MOA:
1. inhibits glucose production in liver
2. reduces glucose absorption in the gut
3. sensitizes insulin receptors in target tissues--increases glucose
uptake
NOT METABOLIZED
SE: GI, lactic acidosis
-Type II, prevention, PCOS, Gestational
◉ Meglitinides (Glinides).
Answer: -stimulate pancreatic insulin release
-shorter acting than sulfonylureas and are taken w/ each meal
repaglinide and nateglinide
, ◉ Thiazolidinediones (TZDs).
Answer: Glitazones
MOA:
-decrease insulin resistance, increasing glucose uptake by muscle
and fat
-decrease glucose production by liver
SE: hypoglycemia when there is excessive insulin, HF, bladder cancer,
fractures in women, ovulation
◉ Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors.
Answer: Gliptins
- enhance actions of incretin hormones to stimulate glucose-
dependent insulin and suppress glucagon release by inhibiting DPP-
4
-DPP-4 is an enzyme that inactivates incretin hormones
AE: hypoglycemia and pancreatitis
◉ Incretin Hormones (GIP and GLP-1).
PAPER QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED
A+
◉ Type 1 diabetes diagnosis.
Answer: -fasting plasma glucose >/= 126 mg/dL
-random plasma glucose >/= 200mg/dL PLUS symptoms
- Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT): 2-h plasma glucose >/=
200mg/dL
-hemoglobin A1C 6.5 or higher
◉ which cells produce insulin.
Answer: Beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in pancreas
◉ Type 1 diabetes management.
Answer: 1. diet
2. self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG)
3. Physical activity
4. Insulin replacement
◉ what is given to manage hypertension in diabetics.
,Answer: ACEIs or ARBs
-reduces risk for diabetic nephropathy
◉ what is given to manage dyslipidemia in diabetics.
Answer: Statins
◉ Type 1 diabetes complications.
Answer: Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
heart disease, renal failure, blindness, neuropathy, amputations,
impotence, stroke
◉ Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) pathophysiology.
Answer: when insulin is not present to move glucose into cells for
energy, the body begins to metabolize fat; fatty acid metabolism
results in the formation of ketone bodies; ketone bodies are acidic
and produce metabolic acidosis, diuresis, and electrolyte loss
◉ Type 2 diabetes management.
Answer: 1. lifestyle changes PLUS metformin
2. add a second drug (thiazolidinedione, DPP-4 inhibitor, SGLT-2
inhibitor, or GLP-1 receptor agonist
3. 3 drug combo
,4. Insulin & GLP-1 receptor agonist
◉ Metformin.
Answer: Biguanide
MOA:
1. inhibits glucose production in liver
2. reduces glucose absorption in the gut
3. sensitizes insulin receptors in target tissues--increases glucose
uptake
NOT METABOLIZED
SE: GI, lactic acidosis
-Type II, prevention, PCOS, Gestational
◉ Meglitinides (Glinides).
Answer: -stimulate pancreatic insulin release
-shorter acting than sulfonylureas and are taken w/ each meal
repaglinide and nateglinide
, ◉ Thiazolidinediones (TZDs).
Answer: Glitazones
MOA:
-decrease insulin resistance, increasing glucose uptake by muscle
and fat
-decrease glucose production by liver
SE: hypoglycemia when there is excessive insulin, HF, bladder cancer,
fractures in women, ovulation
◉ Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors.
Answer: Gliptins
- enhance actions of incretin hormones to stimulate glucose-
dependent insulin and suppress glucagon release by inhibiting DPP-
4
-DPP-4 is an enzyme that inactivates incretin hormones
AE: hypoglycemia and pancreatitis
◉ Incretin Hormones (GIP and GLP-1).
