NURS 676 FINAL 100 COMPREHENSIVE EXAM
2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS ALREADY PASSED
◉ glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist.
Answer: incretin mimetics
-slow gastric emptying
-stimulate glucose-dependent release o insulin
-inhibit postprandial release of glucagon
-suppress appetite
AE: hypoglycemia, renal impairment, fetal harm, pancreatitis
◉ Sulfonylureas.
Answer: glipizide, glyburide, glimepiride -stimulate release of
insulin from pancreatic islet
>> bind with/block ATP-sensitive potassium channels in cell
membrane, which causes influx of calcium, leading to insulin release
AE: hypoglycemia
,◉ C-peptide.
Answer: Product of proinsulin cleavage
indicates pancreas is still making some insulin
◉ Type 2 diabetes complications.
Answer:
◉ Type 1 diabetes and pregnancy.
Answer: 1. placenta produces hormones that antagonize insulin's
actions
2. cortisol (promotes hyperglycemia) increases x3
3. glucose can pass to fetus, so hyperglycemia in mother leads to
excessive insulin secretion in fetus
◉ Hypoglycemia symptoms.
Answer: tachycardia, palpitations, sweating, nervousness
◉ hypoglycemic agents.
Answer: sulfonylureas, glinides, alcohol
◉ hyperglycemic agents.
,Answer: thiazide diuretics, glucocorticoids, sympathomimetics
◉ insulin actions.
Answer: 1. cellular uptake of glucose, amino acids, nucleotides, and
potassium
2. synthesis of complex organic molecules
◉ Gluconeogenesis.
Answer: formation of glucose from amino acids and fatty acids
◉ Glargine management.
Answer: Onset: 70 min
Peak: NONE
Duration: 18-24 hours
SubQ inj 1-2x/daily at same time
U-100 or U-300
◉ Adverse effects- beta blockers.
Answer: -Mask signs of SNS symptoms in hypoglycemia (tachycardia,
palpitations)
, -Impair glycogenolysis
◉ A1C targets in older adults.
Answer: healthy: under 7%
comorbidities: under 8%
◉ Rapid acting insulin.
Answer: lispro, aspart, glulisine
◉ rapid acting insulin onset, peak, and duration.
Answer: Onset: 10-30 min
Peak: 30 min-3 hr
Duration: 3-6 hr
◉ short acting insulin (regular insulin) onset, peak, and duration.
Answer: Onset: 30-60 min
Peak: 1-5 hrs
Duration: 6-10 hrs
◉ Intermediate insulin onset, peak, duration.
Answer: NPH (Humulin N, Novolin N)
2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS ALREADY PASSED
◉ glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist.
Answer: incretin mimetics
-slow gastric emptying
-stimulate glucose-dependent release o insulin
-inhibit postprandial release of glucagon
-suppress appetite
AE: hypoglycemia, renal impairment, fetal harm, pancreatitis
◉ Sulfonylureas.
Answer: glipizide, glyburide, glimepiride -stimulate release of
insulin from pancreatic islet
>> bind with/block ATP-sensitive potassium channels in cell
membrane, which causes influx of calcium, leading to insulin release
AE: hypoglycemia
,◉ C-peptide.
Answer: Product of proinsulin cleavage
indicates pancreas is still making some insulin
◉ Type 2 diabetes complications.
Answer:
◉ Type 1 diabetes and pregnancy.
Answer: 1. placenta produces hormones that antagonize insulin's
actions
2. cortisol (promotes hyperglycemia) increases x3
3. glucose can pass to fetus, so hyperglycemia in mother leads to
excessive insulin secretion in fetus
◉ Hypoglycemia symptoms.
Answer: tachycardia, palpitations, sweating, nervousness
◉ hypoglycemic agents.
Answer: sulfonylureas, glinides, alcohol
◉ hyperglycemic agents.
,Answer: thiazide diuretics, glucocorticoids, sympathomimetics
◉ insulin actions.
Answer: 1. cellular uptake of glucose, amino acids, nucleotides, and
potassium
2. synthesis of complex organic molecules
◉ Gluconeogenesis.
Answer: formation of glucose from amino acids and fatty acids
◉ Glargine management.
Answer: Onset: 70 min
Peak: NONE
Duration: 18-24 hours
SubQ inj 1-2x/daily at same time
U-100 or U-300
◉ Adverse effects- beta blockers.
Answer: -Mask signs of SNS symptoms in hypoglycemia (tachycardia,
palpitations)
, -Impair glycogenolysis
◉ A1C targets in older adults.
Answer: healthy: under 7%
comorbidities: under 8%
◉ Rapid acting insulin.
Answer: lispro, aspart, glulisine
◉ rapid acting insulin onset, peak, and duration.
Answer: Onset: 10-30 min
Peak: 30 min-3 hr
Duration: 3-6 hr
◉ short acting insulin (regular insulin) onset, peak, and duration.
Answer: Onset: 30-60 min
Peak: 1-5 hrs
Duration: 6-10 hrs
◉ Intermediate insulin onset, peak, duration.
Answer: NPH (Humulin N, Novolin N)
