BSMCON NUR 2102 FINAL CUMULATIVE EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS 2026/2027 – STUDY GUIDE & TEST PREP
Too much exposure to UV radiation
Moles
Fair skin, freckling, red, or blonde hair
Positive family history of melanoma
History of immunosuppressive treatment
Older age
Male gender
Past history of melanoma - ANS ✔✔Melanoma Risk Factors
Skin examination every 3 years for ages 20-40 and yearly for over 40
Monthly skin self-exam starting at age 20 - ANS ✔✔Screening Recommendations for Melanoma
Hair, nails and glands (eccrine, apocrine, sebaceous) - ANS ✔✔Appendages of the Skin
Most numerous sweat glands on the body. In greatest number on palms, soles and forehead. - ANS
✔✔Eccrine Glands
Found only in the axillae, nipples, areolae, anogenital area, eyelids, and external ears. Activity associated
with puberty and body odor. - ANS ✔✔Apocrine Glands
Secrete sebum which keeps the skin and hair lubricated. Greatest distribution on face and scalp. - ANS
✔✔Sebaceous Glands
Edema & erythema, Koilonchia, Leukonychia, Clubbing, Beau's Lines, Pitting, Onycholysis - ANS
✔✔Abnormal Nail Findings
Spoon Nail: thin, depressed nail with the lateral edges turned upward. Associated with anemia - ANS
✔✔Koilonychia
White spots on the nail plates. Caused by minor trauma or manipulation of the cuticle - ANS
✔✔Leukonychia
The angle of the nail base exceeds 180 degrees. Associated with chronic respiratory or cardiovascular
disease. - ANS ✔✔Clubbing
A groove or transverse depression running across the nail. Result from trauma. Looks similar to the
chipping of nail polish from the base of the nail toward the tip. - ANS ✔✔Beau's Lines
Associated with psoriasis. Looks like "golf-ball" nails - ANS ✔✔Pitting
Dry skin, less perspiration, folding and wrinkling appearance of skin due to loss of elasticity, skin pallor
and cooler skin temperature, gray hair, thinning scalp, axillary, and pubic hair, thicker nails that are brittle
,hard and yellowish. Nails develop ridges and are prone to splitting into layers. - ANS ✔✔Expected
Changes with Aging
Used to identify fluorescing lesions, indicating fungal infection. If no fungal infection, the light tone on
the skin appears soft violet. - ANS ✔✔Wood's Lamp
Excessive dryness, flaking, cracking or scaling. Maceration, discoloration or rashes - ANS ✔✔Abnormal
Skin Findings: Texture
*Cool Skin:* generalized- cool or cold skin associated with shock or hypothermia. Localized- (particularly
in extremities) indicate poor peripheral perfusion.
*Hot Skin:* generalized- reflects hyperthermia associated with fever, increased metabolic rate (e.g.
hyperthyroidism), or exercise. Localized- reflect inflammation, traumatic injury, or thermal injury such as
sunburn. - ANS ✔✔Abnormal Skin Findings: Temperature
Diaphoresis abnormal in the absence of strenuous activity. May reflect hyperthermia, extreme anxiety,
pain, or shock. Hyperthyroidism - ANS ✔✔Abnormal Skin Findings: Moisture
Poor skin turgor "tenting" seen resulting from dehydration or in someone who has experienced a
significant weight loss. Edema, excessive scarring, some connective tissue disorders reduce skin mobility.
- ANS ✔✔Abnormal Skin Findings: Mobility & Turgor
Increase in thickness in diabetics. Excessively thin (shiny or transparent) in hypothyroidism, arterial
insufficiency and aging. - ANS ✔✔Abnormal Skin Findings: Thickness
Avoid excessive UV exposure
Avoid being outdoors in the middle of the day (10am-4pm) when the UV light is the most intense
Wear a hat and long-sleeved shirt outside
Wear sunglasses with 99-100% UV absorption
Avoid tanning salons and sun lamps
Apply sunscreen - SPF 15 or greater, reapply q 2 hours - ANS ✔✔Reduce Risk of Melanoma
ABCDEF
Asymmetry
Border
Color
Diameter
Elevation
Feeling - ANS ✔✔Early Signs of Melanoma
Intact skin with nonblanchable redness usually over a bony prominence. - ANS ✔✔Stage I Pressure Ulcer
Partial-thickness loss of dermis. Presents as shiny or dry shallow open ulcer with pink wound bed
without slough or bruising. May be a serum-filled blister. - ANS ✔✔Stage II Pressure Ulcer
Full-thickness skin loss involving damage to or necrosis of subcutaneous tissue. Subcutaneous fat may be
visible, but bone, tendon, or muscles are not exposed. Slough may be present. - ANS ✔✔Stage III
Pressure Ulcer
,Full-thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, tendon, or muscle. Slough or eschar may be present within
wound bed - ANS ✔✔Stage IV Pressure Ulcer
Full-thickness tissue loss in which base of ulcer is covered by slough or eschar. True depth of ulcer cannot
be determined until slough &/or eschar is/are removed. - ANS ✔✔Unstageable Pressure Ulcer
wound drainage that looks clear or straw colored; thin and watery - ANS ✔✔Serous
Fluid appears pink due to a small number of blood cells mixing in with serous drainage - ANS
✔✔Serosanguinous
Red drainage from trauma to a blood vessel - ANS ✔✔Sanguinous
Yellow, gray, beige, or green drainage that comes out of a wound when an infection invades the area;
contains pathogenic microorganisms along with white blood cells or dead or dying bacteria - ANS
✔✔Purulent
Macule, Papule, Patch, Plaque, Nodule, Wheal, Tumor, Urticaria (hives), Vesicle, Cyst, Bulla, Pustule - ANS
✔✔Primary Skin Lesions
Crust, Scale, Fissure, Erosion, Ulcer, Excoriation, Scar, Atrophic scar, Lichenification, Keloid, - ANS
✔✔Secondary Skin Lesions
Flat, circumscribed area that is a change in the color of the skin. Less than 1cm in diameter. Freckles, flat
moles, measles, scarlet fever. Primary - ANS ✔✔Macule
Elevated, firm, circumscribed area less than 1cm. Wart (verruca), elevated moles, cherry angioma, skin
tag. Primary - ANS ✔✔Papule
Flat, non palpable, irregular-shaped macule more than 1cm in diameter. Vitiligo, port wine stain, cafe-au-
alit spots, mongolian spots. Primary - ANS ✔✔Patch
Elevated, firm, and rough lesion with flat top surface greater than 1cm. Psoriasis, eczema. Primary - ANS
✔✔Plaque
Elevated, irregular-shaped area of cutaneous edema; solid, transient; variable diameter. Insect bites,
urticaria, allergic reaction. Primary - ANS ✔✔Wheal
Elevated, firm, circumscribed lesion, deeper in dermis than a papule. 1-2cm in diameter. Lipomas,
melanoma, hemangioma, neurofibroma. Primary - ANS ✔✔Nodule
Elevated and solid lesion; may or may not be clearly demarcated; deeper in dermis; greater than 2cm in
diameter. Neoplasms, lipoma, hemangioma. Primary - ANS ✔✔Tumor
Elevated, circumscribed, superficial, not into dermis, filled with serous fluid; less than 1cm in diameter.
Varicella (chickenpox), herpes zoster (shingles), acute eczema. Primary - ANS ✔✔Vesicle
, Vesicle greater than 1cm in diameter. Blister, lupus. Primary - ANS ✔✔Bulla
Elevated, superficial lesion; similar to a vesicle but filled with purulent fluid. Impetigo, acne, folliculitis,
herpes simplex. Primary - ANS ✔✔Pustule
Elevated, circumscribed, encapsulated lesion; in dermis or subcutaneous layer; filled with liquid or
semisolid material. Sebaceous cyst or cystic acne. Primary - ANS ✔✔Cyst
Heaped-up keratinized cells; flaky skin; irregular; thick or thin; dry or oily; variation in size. Flaking of skin
with seborrheic dermatitis following scarlet fever or following a drug reaction. Eczema. Secondary - ANS
✔✔Scale
Rough, thickened epidermis secondary to persistent rubbing, itching, or skin irritation; often involves
flexor surface of extremity. Chronic dermatitis, psoriasis. Secondary - ANS ✔✔Lichenification
Irregular-shaped, elevated, progressively enlarging scar; grows beyond the boundaries of the wound.
Formation could occur following surgery. Secondary - ANS ✔✔Keloid
Thin-to-thick fibrous tissue that replaces normal skin following injury or laceration to the dermis. Healed
wound or surgical incision. Secondary - ANS ✔✔Scar
Loss of the epidermis; linear hollowed-out trusted area. Abrasion or scratch, scabies. (Picture someone
having run into some briars in the woods or a cat scratch on the arm) - ANS ✔✔Excoriation
Linear crack or break from the epidermis to the dermis; may be moist or dry. Athlete's foot, cracks at the
corner of the mouth, chapped hands, eczema. - ANS ✔✔Fissure
Dried drainage or blood; slightly elevated; variable size; colors variable - red, black, tan or mixed. Scab on
abrasion, eczema - ANS ✔✔Crust
Loss of part of the epidermis; depressed, moist, glistening; follows rupture of a vesicle or bulla (blister).
Varicella, candidiasis, herpes simplex. - ANS ✔✔Erosion
Loss of epidermis and dermis; concave; varies in size. Pressure ulcer, syphilis chancre - ANS ✔✔Ulcer
Thinning of the skin surface and loss of skin markings; skin appears translucent and paper like. Aged skin,
striae, discoid lupus erythematosus - ANS ✔✔Atrophy
-Color
-Elevation: flat, raised, or pedunculated
-Pattern or shape
-Configuration
-Size: measure in cm or common household object
-Location & distribution on body
-Exudate: color &/or odor (serous, serosanguinous, sanguinous, purulent) - ANS ✔✔What do you need
to note when inspecting lesions?
ANSWERS 2026/2027 – STUDY GUIDE & TEST PREP
Too much exposure to UV radiation
Moles
Fair skin, freckling, red, or blonde hair
Positive family history of melanoma
History of immunosuppressive treatment
Older age
Male gender
Past history of melanoma - ANS ✔✔Melanoma Risk Factors
Skin examination every 3 years for ages 20-40 and yearly for over 40
Monthly skin self-exam starting at age 20 - ANS ✔✔Screening Recommendations for Melanoma
Hair, nails and glands (eccrine, apocrine, sebaceous) - ANS ✔✔Appendages of the Skin
Most numerous sweat glands on the body. In greatest number on palms, soles and forehead. - ANS
✔✔Eccrine Glands
Found only in the axillae, nipples, areolae, anogenital area, eyelids, and external ears. Activity associated
with puberty and body odor. - ANS ✔✔Apocrine Glands
Secrete sebum which keeps the skin and hair lubricated. Greatest distribution on face and scalp. - ANS
✔✔Sebaceous Glands
Edema & erythema, Koilonchia, Leukonychia, Clubbing, Beau's Lines, Pitting, Onycholysis - ANS
✔✔Abnormal Nail Findings
Spoon Nail: thin, depressed nail with the lateral edges turned upward. Associated with anemia - ANS
✔✔Koilonychia
White spots on the nail plates. Caused by minor trauma or manipulation of the cuticle - ANS
✔✔Leukonychia
The angle of the nail base exceeds 180 degrees. Associated with chronic respiratory or cardiovascular
disease. - ANS ✔✔Clubbing
A groove or transverse depression running across the nail. Result from trauma. Looks similar to the
chipping of nail polish from the base of the nail toward the tip. - ANS ✔✔Beau's Lines
Associated with psoriasis. Looks like "golf-ball" nails - ANS ✔✔Pitting
Dry skin, less perspiration, folding and wrinkling appearance of skin due to loss of elasticity, skin pallor
and cooler skin temperature, gray hair, thinning scalp, axillary, and pubic hair, thicker nails that are brittle
,hard and yellowish. Nails develop ridges and are prone to splitting into layers. - ANS ✔✔Expected
Changes with Aging
Used to identify fluorescing lesions, indicating fungal infection. If no fungal infection, the light tone on
the skin appears soft violet. - ANS ✔✔Wood's Lamp
Excessive dryness, flaking, cracking or scaling. Maceration, discoloration or rashes - ANS ✔✔Abnormal
Skin Findings: Texture
*Cool Skin:* generalized- cool or cold skin associated with shock or hypothermia. Localized- (particularly
in extremities) indicate poor peripheral perfusion.
*Hot Skin:* generalized- reflects hyperthermia associated with fever, increased metabolic rate (e.g.
hyperthyroidism), or exercise. Localized- reflect inflammation, traumatic injury, or thermal injury such as
sunburn. - ANS ✔✔Abnormal Skin Findings: Temperature
Diaphoresis abnormal in the absence of strenuous activity. May reflect hyperthermia, extreme anxiety,
pain, or shock. Hyperthyroidism - ANS ✔✔Abnormal Skin Findings: Moisture
Poor skin turgor "tenting" seen resulting from dehydration or in someone who has experienced a
significant weight loss. Edema, excessive scarring, some connective tissue disorders reduce skin mobility.
- ANS ✔✔Abnormal Skin Findings: Mobility & Turgor
Increase in thickness in diabetics. Excessively thin (shiny or transparent) in hypothyroidism, arterial
insufficiency and aging. - ANS ✔✔Abnormal Skin Findings: Thickness
Avoid excessive UV exposure
Avoid being outdoors in the middle of the day (10am-4pm) when the UV light is the most intense
Wear a hat and long-sleeved shirt outside
Wear sunglasses with 99-100% UV absorption
Avoid tanning salons and sun lamps
Apply sunscreen - SPF 15 or greater, reapply q 2 hours - ANS ✔✔Reduce Risk of Melanoma
ABCDEF
Asymmetry
Border
Color
Diameter
Elevation
Feeling - ANS ✔✔Early Signs of Melanoma
Intact skin with nonblanchable redness usually over a bony prominence. - ANS ✔✔Stage I Pressure Ulcer
Partial-thickness loss of dermis. Presents as shiny or dry shallow open ulcer with pink wound bed
without slough or bruising. May be a serum-filled blister. - ANS ✔✔Stage II Pressure Ulcer
Full-thickness skin loss involving damage to or necrosis of subcutaneous tissue. Subcutaneous fat may be
visible, but bone, tendon, or muscles are not exposed. Slough may be present. - ANS ✔✔Stage III
Pressure Ulcer
,Full-thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, tendon, or muscle. Slough or eschar may be present within
wound bed - ANS ✔✔Stage IV Pressure Ulcer
Full-thickness tissue loss in which base of ulcer is covered by slough or eschar. True depth of ulcer cannot
be determined until slough &/or eschar is/are removed. - ANS ✔✔Unstageable Pressure Ulcer
wound drainage that looks clear or straw colored; thin and watery - ANS ✔✔Serous
Fluid appears pink due to a small number of blood cells mixing in with serous drainage - ANS
✔✔Serosanguinous
Red drainage from trauma to a blood vessel - ANS ✔✔Sanguinous
Yellow, gray, beige, or green drainage that comes out of a wound when an infection invades the area;
contains pathogenic microorganisms along with white blood cells or dead or dying bacteria - ANS
✔✔Purulent
Macule, Papule, Patch, Plaque, Nodule, Wheal, Tumor, Urticaria (hives), Vesicle, Cyst, Bulla, Pustule - ANS
✔✔Primary Skin Lesions
Crust, Scale, Fissure, Erosion, Ulcer, Excoriation, Scar, Atrophic scar, Lichenification, Keloid, - ANS
✔✔Secondary Skin Lesions
Flat, circumscribed area that is a change in the color of the skin. Less than 1cm in diameter. Freckles, flat
moles, measles, scarlet fever. Primary - ANS ✔✔Macule
Elevated, firm, circumscribed area less than 1cm. Wart (verruca), elevated moles, cherry angioma, skin
tag. Primary - ANS ✔✔Papule
Flat, non palpable, irregular-shaped macule more than 1cm in diameter. Vitiligo, port wine stain, cafe-au-
alit spots, mongolian spots. Primary - ANS ✔✔Patch
Elevated, firm, and rough lesion with flat top surface greater than 1cm. Psoriasis, eczema. Primary - ANS
✔✔Plaque
Elevated, irregular-shaped area of cutaneous edema; solid, transient; variable diameter. Insect bites,
urticaria, allergic reaction. Primary - ANS ✔✔Wheal
Elevated, firm, circumscribed lesion, deeper in dermis than a papule. 1-2cm in diameter. Lipomas,
melanoma, hemangioma, neurofibroma. Primary - ANS ✔✔Nodule
Elevated and solid lesion; may or may not be clearly demarcated; deeper in dermis; greater than 2cm in
diameter. Neoplasms, lipoma, hemangioma. Primary - ANS ✔✔Tumor
Elevated, circumscribed, superficial, not into dermis, filled with serous fluid; less than 1cm in diameter.
Varicella (chickenpox), herpes zoster (shingles), acute eczema. Primary - ANS ✔✔Vesicle
, Vesicle greater than 1cm in diameter. Blister, lupus. Primary - ANS ✔✔Bulla
Elevated, superficial lesion; similar to a vesicle but filled with purulent fluid. Impetigo, acne, folliculitis,
herpes simplex. Primary - ANS ✔✔Pustule
Elevated, circumscribed, encapsulated lesion; in dermis or subcutaneous layer; filled with liquid or
semisolid material. Sebaceous cyst or cystic acne. Primary - ANS ✔✔Cyst
Heaped-up keratinized cells; flaky skin; irregular; thick or thin; dry or oily; variation in size. Flaking of skin
with seborrheic dermatitis following scarlet fever or following a drug reaction. Eczema. Secondary - ANS
✔✔Scale
Rough, thickened epidermis secondary to persistent rubbing, itching, or skin irritation; often involves
flexor surface of extremity. Chronic dermatitis, psoriasis. Secondary - ANS ✔✔Lichenification
Irregular-shaped, elevated, progressively enlarging scar; grows beyond the boundaries of the wound.
Formation could occur following surgery. Secondary - ANS ✔✔Keloid
Thin-to-thick fibrous tissue that replaces normal skin following injury or laceration to the dermis. Healed
wound or surgical incision. Secondary - ANS ✔✔Scar
Loss of the epidermis; linear hollowed-out trusted area. Abrasion or scratch, scabies. (Picture someone
having run into some briars in the woods or a cat scratch on the arm) - ANS ✔✔Excoriation
Linear crack or break from the epidermis to the dermis; may be moist or dry. Athlete's foot, cracks at the
corner of the mouth, chapped hands, eczema. - ANS ✔✔Fissure
Dried drainage or blood; slightly elevated; variable size; colors variable - red, black, tan or mixed. Scab on
abrasion, eczema - ANS ✔✔Crust
Loss of part of the epidermis; depressed, moist, glistening; follows rupture of a vesicle or bulla (blister).
Varicella, candidiasis, herpes simplex. - ANS ✔✔Erosion
Loss of epidermis and dermis; concave; varies in size. Pressure ulcer, syphilis chancre - ANS ✔✔Ulcer
Thinning of the skin surface and loss of skin markings; skin appears translucent and paper like. Aged skin,
striae, discoid lupus erythematosus - ANS ✔✔Atrophy
-Color
-Elevation: flat, raised, or pedunculated
-Pattern or shape
-Configuration
-Size: measure in cm or common household object
-Location & distribution on body
-Exudate: color &/or odor (serous, serosanguinous, sanguinous, purulent) - ANS ✔✔What do you need
to note when inspecting lesions?
