NURS 611 EXAM 1 350 EXAM SCRIPT PREMIUM
REVIEW ACCURATE QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
◉ Ribosomes.
Answer: Responsible for protein synthesis
◉ Mitochondria.
Answer: Produces ATP. This structure generates ATP by oxidative
phosphorylation. Cells power plant. The more a cell needs energy
the more it will need this. The heart would need more of this than
the eyes, bones, or skin.
◉ Golgi apparatus.
Answer: Responsible for packaging and distribution. Processes and
packages proteins for delivery. Shipping and receiving center.
Receives newly synthesized proteins and lipids from the ER.
Modified with sugar molecules for their destination. Then sends
them on their way.
◉ Lysosome.
Answer: Degrades and recycles waste. Contains digestive enzymes.
Does this with hydrolase enzymes
,◉ Peroxisome.
Answer: Has a byproduct of H2O2 which produces Free Radicals.
Can detoxify compounds and fatty acids. (Think peroxide) they
break things down using oxygen. Byproduct is H2O2 (hydrogen
peroxide). Digest and breakdown organic molecules - uses
molecular oxygen.
◉ Free Radical.
Answer: Any molecular species capable of independent existence
that contains a single unpaired electron in an outer orbit. Having one
unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; the molecule
becomes stabilized either by donating or by accepting an electron
from another molecule.
◉ Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS).
Answer: Chemically reactive molecules from molecular oxygen
formed as natural oxidant species in cells during mitochondrial
respiration and energy generation.
◉ Damage by free radicals/ROS.
Answer: When excessive ROSs overwhelm the endogenous
antioxidant systems, oxidative stress occurs. A very large excess of
ROS tends to cause necrosis, but smaller excess of ROS can cause
apoptosis.
,Free radicals can cause lipid peroxidation or the destruction of
unsaturated fatty acid, alterations of proteins, and alterations in
DNA
◉ What is the plasma membrane made up of?.
Answer: Lipids, proteins, and polysaccharides
◉ Why do we need a cell membrane?.
Answer: To keep the ICF and ECF separate, structure, protection,
activation of cell, transport, and cell-to-cell interaction
◉ How is osmolality different between ICF and ECF?.
Answer: The osmolality of ICF and ECF tends to equalize and
therefore provides a measure of body fluid concentration and thus
the body's hydration status.
◉ What do proteins do for the cell?.
Answer: Proteins act as
Recognition and binding units (receptors) for substances moving in
and out of the cell;
Pores or transport channels for various electrically charged particles
called ions or electrolytes and specific carriers for amino acids and
monosaccharides;
, Specific enzymes that drive active pumps that promote
concentration of certain ions, particularly potassium (K+), within
the cell while keeping concentrations of other ions, for example
sodium (Na+), below concentrations found in the extracellular
environment;
Cell surface markers, such as glycoproteins (proteins attached to
carbohydrates), that identify a cell to its neighbor;
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), or proteins that allow cells to hook
together and form attachments to the cytoskeleton for maintaining
cellular shape; and
Catalysts of chemical reactions, for example, conversion of lactose to
glucose.
◉ How much of the cell membrane is made up of protein?.
Answer: 55% the cell membrane is made up of protein
◉ What is a protein?.
Answer: A protein is made from a chain of amino acids, known as
polypeptides. There are 20 types of amino acids in proteins, and
each type of protein has a unique sequence of amino acids. Proteins
are the major workhorses of the cell.
◉ Tight Junctions.
Answer: Impermeable. Help cells move together and don't allow
things in -they help conduct force- like pumping the heart; and
REVIEW ACCURATE QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
◉ Ribosomes.
Answer: Responsible for protein synthesis
◉ Mitochondria.
Answer: Produces ATP. This structure generates ATP by oxidative
phosphorylation. Cells power plant. The more a cell needs energy
the more it will need this. The heart would need more of this than
the eyes, bones, or skin.
◉ Golgi apparatus.
Answer: Responsible for packaging and distribution. Processes and
packages proteins for delivery. Shipping and receiving center.
Receives newly synthesized proteins and lipids from the ER.
Modified with sugar molecules for their destination. Then sends
them on their way.
◉ Lysosome.
Answer: Degrades and recycles waste. Contains digestive enzymes.
Does this with hydrolase enzymes
,◉ Peroxisome.
Answer: Has a byproduct of H2O2 which produces Free Radicals.
Can detoxify compounds and fatty acids. (Think peroxide) they
break things down using oxygen. Byproduct is H2O2 (hydrogen
peroxide). Digest and breakdown organic molecules - uses
molecular oxygen.
◉ Free Radical.
Answer: Any molecular species capable of independent existence
that contains a single unpaired electron in an outer orbit. Having one
unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; the molecule
becomes stabilized either by donating or by accepting an electron
from another molecule.
◉ Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS).
Answer: Chemically reactive molecules from molecular oxygen
formed as natural oxidant species in cells during mitochondrial
respiration and energy generation.
◉ Damage by free radicals/ROS.
Answer: When excessive ROSs overwhelm the endogenous
antioxidant systems, oxidative stress occurs. A very large excess of
ROS tends to cause necrosis, but smaller excess of ROS can cause
apoptosis.
,Free radicals can cause lipid peroxidation or the destruction of
unsaturated fatty acid, alterations of proteins, and alterations in
DNA
◉ What is the plasma membrane made up of?.
Answer: Lipids, proteins, and polysaccharides
◉ Why do we need a cell membrane?.
Answer: To keep the ICF and ECF separate, structure, protection,
activation of cell, transport, and cell-to-cell interaction
◉ How is osmolality different between ICF and ECF?.
Answer: The osmolality of ICF and ECF tends to equalize and
therefore provides a measure of body fluid concentration and thus
the body's hydration status.
◉ What do proteins do for the cell?.
Answer: Proteins act as
Recognition and binding units (receptors) for substances moving in
and out of the cell;
Pores or transport channels for various electrically charged particles
called ions or electrolytes and specific carriers for amino acids and
monosaccharides;
, Specific enzymes that drive active pumps that promote
concentration of certain ions, particularly potassium (K+), within
the cell while keeping concentrations of other ions, for example
sodium (Na+), below concentrations found in the extracellular
environment;
Cell surface markers, such as glycoproteins (proteins attached to
carbohydrates), that identify a cell to its neighbor;
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), or proteins that allow cells to hook
together and form attachments to the cytoskeleton for maintaining
cellular shape; and
Catalysts of chemical reactions, for example, conversion of lactose to
glucose.
◉ How much of the cell membrane is made up of protein?.
Answer: 55% the cell membrane is made up of protein
◉ What is a protein?.
Answer: A protein is made from a chain of amino acids, known as
polypeptides. There are 20 types of amino acids in proteins, and
each type of protein has a unique sequence of amino acids. Proteins
are the major workhorses of the cell.
◉ Tight Junctions.
Answer: Impermeable. Help cells move together and don't allow
things in -they help conduct force- like pumping the heart; and
