BSMCON NUR 2102 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 2026/2027 – STUDY GUIDE,
PRACTICE QUESTIONS & EXAM REVIEW
aorta - correct answer ✔✔label this part of the heart
pulmonary valve - correct answer ✔✔label this part of the heart
mitral valve - correct answer ✔✔label this part of the heart
aortic valve - correct answer ✔✔label this part of the heart
tricuspid valve - correct answer ✔✔label this part of the heart
left atrium - correct answer ✔✔label this part of the heart
right ventricle - correct answer ✔✔label this part of the heart
left ventricle - correct answer ✔✔label this part of the heart
inferior vena cava - correct answer ✔✔label this part of the heart
superior vena cava - correct answer ✔✔
S1 sound, lub - correct answer ✔✔The sound that is made when the tricuspid and mitral valves close
and the ventricles contract and eject blood; systole
S2 sound, dub - correct answer ✔✔The sound that is made when the pulmonic and aortic valves close
and the ventricles relax and fill with blood; diastole
SA Node > AV Node > Bundle of His > Left & Right Branches > Purkinje Fibers - correct answer ✔✔Route
of electrical conduction of the heart
Tricuspid valve > Pulmonic valve > Mitral valve > Aortic valve (TPMA - Toilet Paper My Ass) - correct
answer ✔✔Route of blood flow through the heart valves
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava > Right atrium > Tricuspid valve > Right ventricle > Pulmonic valve >
Pulmonary artery > Lungs > Pulmonary vein > Left atrium > Mitral Valve > Left ventricle > Aortic Valve >
Aorta - correct answer ✔✔Complete route of blood flow (from limbs > heart > lungs > heart > to limbs,
repeat)
-Systolic BP rises
-Orthostatic hypotension
-AP diameter increases
-S4 without underlying pathology
-Systolic murmurs
, -Occasional premature ectopic beats without underlying pathology - correct answer ✔✔Physiological
changes in CV system associated with aging
Aortic Valve Area - correct answer ✔✔Heart sound located at the second right intercostal space (ICS),
right sternal border
Pulmonic Valve Area - correct answer ✔✔Heart sound located at the second left intercostal space (ICS),
left sternal border
Erb's Point - correct answer ✔✔Heart sound located at the third left ICS, left sternal border
Tricuspid Valve Area - correct answer ✔✔Heart sound located at the fourth left ICS, left sternal border
Mitral Valve Area - correct answer ✔✔Heart sound located at the fifth ICS, left mid-clavicular line
S1 - correct answer ✔✔Heart sound heard loudest at apex of heart at the beginning of systole as AV
(Tricuspid and Mitral) valves close
S2 - correct answer ✔✔Heart sound heard loudest at base of heart at the beginning of diastole as the
Semilunar (Pulmonic and Aortic) valves close
S3 - correct answer ✔✔Abnormal heart sound heard with CHF, MI, and fluid overload
S4 - correct answer ✔✔Abnormal heart sound heard with hypertrophy, aortic stenosis, CAD,
hypertension
5th left intercostal space midclavicular line - correct answer ✔✔Where do you palpate the point of
maximal impulse (PMI) or apical impulse?
Swelling and edema in limbs esp. legs, varicose veins, dull achey legs, thickened hard skin on legs -
correct answer ✔✔Symptoms of venous insufficiency
Leg numbness or weakness, skin is cold and pale, hair loss, shiny skin, weak peripheral pulse - correct
answer ✔✔Symptoms of arterial insufficiency (PAD = peripheral arterial disease)
-Temperature
-Edema
-Capillary refill
-Size/symmetry - correct answer ✔✔4 things to notice when assessing extremities
< 2 seconds - correct answer ✔✔Normal capillary refill
1+ pitting - correct answer ✔✔barely perceptible
2+ pitting - correct answer ✔✔rebounds in a few seconds
3+ pitting - correct answer ✔✔rebounds in 10-20 seconds
PRACTICE QUESTIONS & EXAM REVIEW
aorta - correct answer ✔✔label this part of the heart
pulmonary valve - correct answer ✔✔label this part of the heart
mitral valve - correct answer ✔✔label this part of the heart
aortic valve - correct answer ✔✔label this part of the heart
tricuspid valve - correct answer ✔✔label this part of the heart
left atrium - correct answer ✔✔label this part of the heart
right ventricle - correct answer ✔✔label this part of the heart
left ventricle - correct answer ✔✔label this part of the heart
inferior vena cava - correct answer ✔✔label this part of the heart
superior vena cava - correct answer ✔✔
S1 sound, lub - correct answer ✔✔The sound that is made when the tricuspid and mitral valves close
and the ventricles contract and eject blood; systole
S2 sound, dub - correct answer ✔✔The sound that is made when the pulmonic and aortic valves close
and the ventricles relax and fill with blood; diastole
SA Node > AV Node > Bundle of His > Left & Right Branches > Purkinje Fibers - correct answer ✔✔Route
of electrical conduction of the heart
Tricuspid valve > Pulmonic valve > Mitral valve > Aortic valve (TPMA - Toilet Paper My Ass) - correct
answer ✔✔Route of blood flow through the heart valves
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava > Right atrium > Tricuspid valve > Right ventricle > Pulmonic valve >
Pulmonary artery > Lungs > Pulmonary vein > Left atrium > Mitral Valve > Left ventricle > Aortic Valve >
Aorta - correct answer ✔✔Complete route of blood flow (from limbs > heart > lungs > heart > to limbs,
repeat)
-Systolic BP rises
-Orthostatic hypotension
-AP diameter increases
-S4 without underlying pathology
-Systolic murmurs
, -Occasional premature ectopic beats without underlying pathology - correct answer ✔✔Physiological
changes in CV system associated with aging
Aortic Valve Area - correct answer ✔✔Heart sound located at the second right intercostal space (ICS),
right sternal border
Pulmonic Valve Area - correct answer ✔✔Heart sound located at the second left intercostal space (ICS),
left sternal border
Erb's Point - correct answer ✔✔Heart sound located at the third left ICS, left sternal border
Tricuspid Valve Area - correct answer ✔✔Heart sound located at the fourth left ICS, left sternal border
Mitral Valve Area - correct answer ✔✔Heart sound located at the fifth ICS, left mid-clavicular line
S1 - correct answer ✔✔Heart sound heard loudest at apex of heart at the beginning of systole as AV
(Tricuspid and Mitral) valves close
S2 - correct answer ✔✔Heart sound heard loudest at base of heart at the beginning of diastole as the
Semilunar (Pulmonic and Aortic) valves close
S3 - correct answer ✔✔Abnormal heart sound heard with CHF, MI, and fluid overload
S4 - correct answer ✔✔Abnormal heart sound heard with hypertrophy, aortic stenosis, CAD,
hypertension
5th left intercostal space midclavicular line - correct answer ✔✔Where do you palpate the point of
maximal impulse (PMI) or apical impulse?
Swelling and edema in limbs esp. legs, varicose veins, dull achey legs, thickened hard skin on legs -
correct answer ✔✔Symptoms of venous insufficiency
Leg numbness or weakness, skin is cold and pale, hair loss, shiny skin, weak peripheral pulse - correct
answer ✔✔Symptoms of arterial insufficiency (PAD = peripheral arterial disease)
-Temperature
-Edema
-Capillary refill
-Size/symmetry - correct answer ✔✔4 things to notice when assessing extremities
< 2 seconds - correct answer ✔✔Normal capillary refill
1+ pitting - correct answer ✔✔barely perceptible
2+ pitting - correct answer ✔✔rebounds in a few seconds
3+ pitting - correct answer ✔✔rebounds in 10-20 seconds
