NVCC BIO 102 TEST 2 2026/2027 – PROF. TERRANOVA | STUDY GUIDE, PRACTICE
QUESTIONS & EXAM REVIEW
Poriferans - ANS ✔✔Sponges example of
Cnidarians - ANS ✔✔Coral, sea anemones, jellyfish are examples of
Flatworms - ANS ✔✔planarians, flukes, tapeworms are examples of
Nematodes - ANS ✔✔Roundworms are examples of
Annelids - ANS ✔✔Earthworms, leeches, marine polychaetas are examples of
Arthropods - ANS ✔✔horseshoe crabs, spiders, scorpions, insects, crustaceans are examples of
Mollusks - ANS ✔✔snails, slugs, mussels, clams, oysters, scallops, squid, octopuses are examples of
Echinoderms - ANS ✔✔starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars are examples of
Chordates - ANS ✔✔fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals are examples of
thin, moist, lots of surface area - ANS ✔✔Most important characteristics to facilitate gas exchange
ventilation - ANS ✔✔adaptations that increase the flow of air or H2O over respiratory surfaces
Hemoglobin (Respiratory Pigments) - ANS ✔✔Molecule dedicated to transporting Oxygen
iron ion - ANS ✔✔What does oxygen attach to in Hemoglobin
flatworms, earthworms (Must Live In Water or Damp Places) - ANS ✔✔Examples of animals that respire
through skin
Molluscs, Crustaceans - ANS ✔✔Examples of Aquatic Invertebrates that respire through gills
Tracheal System - ANS ✔✔How do insects respire
Tracheal System - ANS ✔✔Respiratory system that takes air into an opening at the body surface, and
through body to individual cells where gas exchange occurs
Fish (Gills) - ANS ✔✔What animal uses Countercurrent Exchange
Countercurrent Exchange - ANS ✔✔Water moves in opposite direction of blood flow to allow for max.
gas exchange
Nose & Nasal cavity - ANS ✔✔Hairs filter air.
Air is warmed & moistened
, Pharynx - ANS ✔✔Where the throat and nasal passage meet
epiglottis - ANS ✔✔tissue flap that covers larynx when swallowing
larynx - ANS ✔✔contains vocal cords that vibrate as air moves over
bronchiole - ANS ✔✔connects the alveoli
alveoli - ANS ✔✔air sacs that increase surface area for gas exchange that are surrounded by blood
capillaries
Partial Pressure - ANS ✔✔Each gas in the air makes up a portion or a ________ _________ of the total
air pressure
Partial Pressure - ANS ✔✔When talking about a GAS diffusing with a gradient (hi -> low) it is referred to
as??
1st step of O2 transport - ANS ✔✔Oxygen diffuses from alveoli to surrounding blood capillaries (hi O2
p.p. in alveoli → low O2 p.p. in blood)
2nd step of O2 transport - ANS ✔✔hemoglobin in red blood cells binds to the O2
& is transported throughout body
3rd step of O2 transport - ANS ✔✔hemoglobin then gives up O2 to body cells where O2 p.p. is lower
1st step of CO2 transport - ANS ✔✔CO2 diffuses from body cells to blood b/c of p.p. gradient
(hi CO2 p.p. in body cells → low CO2 p.p. in blood)
2nd step of CO2 transport - ANS ✔✔most CO2 is converted to bicarbonate ions b/c of this reaction...
CO2 + H2O ⇄ H2CO3 ⇄ H+ + HCO3-
(hemoglobin binds to H+ to minimize change in blood pH)
...and is transported to lung capillaries where reaction is reversed
3rd step of CO2 transport - ANS ✔✔CO2 then diffuses into alveoli where CO2 p.p. is lower
Inhalation - ANS ✔✔diaphram & rib muscles contract. Lung Volume Increases Lung air pressure
Decreases. Air Moves in from hi to low pressure.
Exhalation - ANS ✔✔Diaphragm & rib muscles relax. Lung Volume Decreases. Lung air pressure
increases. Air moves out from hi to low pressure
Medulla - ANS ✔✔What part of the brain has control over breathing?
Increase Breathing Rate - ANS ✔✔Hi CO2 or H+ levels/ Low O2 levels cause brain to do what?
Community - ANS ✔✔ALL populations of ALL species in a given area
QUESTIONS & EXAM REVIEW
Poriferans - ANS ✔✔Sponges example of
Cnidarians - ANS ✔✔Coral, sea anemones, jellyfish are examples of
Flatworms - ANS ✔✔planarians, flukes, tapeworms are examples of
Nematodes - ANS ✔✔Roundworms are examples of
Annelids - ANS ✔✔Earthworms, leeches, marine polychaetas are examples of
Arthropods - ANS ✔✔horseshoe crabs, spiders, scorpions, insects, crustaceans are examples of
Mollusks - ANS ✔✔snails, slugs, mussels, clams, oysters, scallops, squid, octopuses are examples of
Echinoderms - ANS ✔✔starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars are examples of
Chordates - ANS ✔✔fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals are examples of
thin, moist, lots of surface area - ANS ✔✔Most important characteristics to facilitate gas exchange
ventilation - ANS ✔✔adaptations that increase the flow of air or H2O over respiratory surfaces
Hemoglobin (Respiratory Pigments) - ANS ✔✔Molecule dedicated to transporting Oxygen
iron ion - ANS ✔✔What does oxygen attach to in Hemoglobin
flatworms, earthworms (Must Live In Water or Damp Places) - ANS ✔✔Examples of animals that respire
through skin
Molluscs, Crustaceans - ANS ✔✔Examples of Aquatic Invertebrates that respire through gills
Tracheal System - ANS ✔✔How do insects respire
Tracheal System - ANS ✔✔Respiratory system that takes air into an opening at the body surface, and
through body to individual cells where gas exchange occurs
Fish (Gills) - ANS ✔✔What animal uses Countercurrent Exchange
Countercurrent Exchange - ANS ✔✔Water moves in opposite direction of blood flow to allow for max.
gas exchange
Nose & Nasal cavity - ANS ✔✔Hairs filter air.
Air is warmed & moistened
, Pharynx - ANS ✔✔Where the throat and nasal passage meet
epiglottis - ANS ✔✔tissue flap that covers larynx when swallowing
larynx - ANS ✔✔contains vocal cords that vibrate as air moves over
bronchiole - ANS ✔✔connects the alveoli
alveoli - ANS ✔✔air sacs that increase surface area for gas exchange that are surrounded by blood
capillaries
Partial Pressure - ANS ✔✔Each gas in the air makes up a portion or a ________ _________ of the total
air pressure
Partial Pressure - ANS ✔✔When talking about a GAS diffusing with a gradient (hi -> low) it is referred to
as??
1st step of O2 transport - ANS ✔✔Oxygen diffuses from alveoli to surrounding blood capillaries (hi O2
p.p. in alveoli → low O2 p.p. in blood)
2nd step of O2 transport - ANS ✔✔hemoglobin in red blood cells binds to the O2
& is transported throughout body
3rd step of O2 transport - ANS ✔✔hemoglobin then gives up O2 to body cells where O2 p.p. is lower
1st step of CO2 transport - ANS ✔✔CO2 diffuses from body cells to blood b/c of p.p. gradient
(hi CO2 p.p. in body cells → low CO2 p.p. in blood)
2nd step of CO2 transport - ANS ✔✔most CO2 is converted to bicarbonate ions b/c of this reaction...
CO2 + H2O ⇄ H2CO3 ⇄ H+ + HCO3-
(hemoglobin binds to H+ to minimize change in blood pH)
...and is transported to lung capillaries where reaction is reversed
3rd step of CO2 transport - ANS ✔✔CO2 then diffuses into alveoli where CO2 p.p. is lower
Inhalation - ANS ✔✔diaphram & rib muscles contract. Lung Volume Increases Lung air pressure
Decreases. Air Moves in from hi to low pressure.
Exhalation - ANS ✔✔Diaphragm & rib muscles relax. Lung Volume Decreases. Lung air pressure
increases. Air moves out from hi to low pressure
Medulla - ANS ✔✔What part of the brain has control over breathing?
Increase Breathing Rate - ANS ✔✔Hi CO2 or H+ levels/ Low O2 levels cause brain to do what?
Community - ANS ✔✔ALL populations of ALL species in a given area
