CHDA EXAM 1 COMPREHENSIVE
ASSESSMENT 2026 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
◉ Which of the following statements is NOT true about the "thinking
upstream" model of community health nursing practice?
A. It is a conceptual model to assist the nurse in community health
planning.
B. It helps to focus the time, energy, and programmatic resources
available to community health nursing clients.
C. It focuses the nurse on short-term, individual-based nursing
interventions.
D. It focuses the nurse on long-term, "bigger picture" issues related
to community health practice, such as social justice or power.
Answer: C. It focuses the nurse on short-term, individual-based
nursing interventions.
-The upstream model uses the analogy of a river flowing upstream
toward the bigger picture to focus community health nursing
practice. This differentiates population-focused and individual-
focused nursing interventions. The community health nurse needs
to have a "critical eye" for the bigger picture to focus time, energy,
and resources and provide quality care.
,◉ A microscopic approach to the community health problem of
childhood obesity would focus on:
A. asking an obese child and his or her parent(s) to complete a 24-
hour food diary.
B. analyzing aggregate Body Mass Indexes (BMIs) of school-age
children in a school.
C. advocating for a change in health policy related to school lunches.
D. exploring changing cultural changes and societal values related to
activity.
Answer: A. asking an obese child and his or her parent(s) to
complete a 24-hour food diary.
-A microscopic approach to the conceptualization of the problem of
childhood obesity focuses on the individual child. A macroscopic
approach focuses on the societal factors that influence health status.
Analyzing aggregate BMIs, advocating a change in school lunches,
and exploring societal and cultural values related to activity are
examples of a macroscopic approach to the community health
problem of childhood obesity.
◉ Which of the following theories is based on the assumption that
individual needs and related activities are the focus of nursing care?
A. Orem's self-care deficit theory
B. The health belief model
C. Milio's framework
D. Critical social theory
,Answer: A. Orem's self-care deficit theory
-Orem's self-care deficit theory is based on individual self-care needs
and explains the level of nursing interventions required to assist
clients to obtain optimal health. The health belief model (HBM)
evolved from the premise that the world of the perceiver determines
action. Milio's framework for prevention (1976) provides a
complement to the HBM and a mechanism for directing attention
upstream and examining opportunities for nursing intervention at
the population level. Critical social theory uses societal awareness to
expose social inequalities that keep people from reaching their full
potential.
◉ A community health nurse explores a group of teenagers' beliefs
about the seriousness of eating disorders and their related
susceptibility. The nurse is applying principles from which theory?
A. Orem's self-care deficit theory
B. The health belief model
C. Milio's framework
D. Critical social theory
Answer: B. The health belief model
-The health belief model (HBM) offers indicators of the perceived
seriousness, perceived susceptibility, and cues to action related to
specific health behaviors. Orem's self-care deficit theory is based on
individual self-care needs and explains the level of nursing
interventions required to assist clients to obtain optimal health.
Milio's framework for prevention (1976) provides a complement to
, the HBM and a mechanism for directing attention upstream and
examining opportunities for nursing intervention at the population
level. Critical social theory uses societal awareness to expose social
inequalities that keep people from reaching their full potential.
◉ A major limitation of the health belief model is that the burden of
action related to health behaviors is exclusively on the aggregate.
A. True
B. False
Answer: B. False
-A major limitation of the health belief model is that the burden of
responsibility for health behaviors is on the individual client.
◉ The belief that health deficits result from an imbalance between
the population's health needs and its health-sustaining resources is
the premise of which theory?
A. Orem's self-care deficit theory
B. The health belief model
C. Milio's framework
D. Critical social theory
Answer: C. Milio's framework
-Milio's theory demonstrates upstream conceptualization of
understanding the community's health needs and resources; this
theory complements the health belief model (HBM). The HBM offers
ASSESSMENT 2026 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
◉ Which of the following statements is NOT true about the "thinking
upstream" model of community health nursing practice?
A. It is a conceptual model to assist the nurse in community health
planning.
B. It helps to focus the time, energy, and programmatic resources
available to community health nursing clients.
C. It focuses the nurse on short-term, individual-based nursing
interventions.
D. It focuses the nurse on long-term, "bigger picture" issues related
to community health practice, such as social justice or power.
Answer: C. It focuses the nurse on short-term, individual-based
nursing interventions.
-The upstream model uses the analogy of a river flowing upstream
toward the bigger picture to focus community health nursing
practice. This differentiates population-focused and individual-
focused nursing interventions. The community health nurse needs
to have a "critical eye" for the bigger picture to focus time, energy,
and resources and provide quality care.
,◉ A microscopic approach to the community health problem of
childhood obesity would focus on:
A. asking an obese child and his or her parent(s) to complete a 24-
hour food diary.
B. analyzing aggregate Body Mass Indexes (BMIs) of school-age
children in a school.
C. advocating for a change in health policy related to school lunches.
D. exploring changing cultural changes and societal values related to
activity.
Answer: A. asking an obese child and his or her parent(s) to
complete a 24-hour food diary.
-A microscopic approach to the conceptualization of the problem of
childhood obesity focuses on the individual child. A macroscopic
approach focuses on the societal factors that influence health status.
Analyzing aggregate BMIs, advocating a change in school lunches,
and exploring societal and cultural values related to activity are
examples of a macroscopic approach to the community health
problem of childhood obesity.
◉ Which of the following theories is based on the assumption that
individual needs and related activities are the focus of nursing care?
A. Orem's self-care deficit theory
B. The health belief model
C. Milio's framework
D. Critical social theory
,Answer: A. Orem's self-care deficit theory
-Orem's self-care deficit theory is based on individual self-care needs
and explains the level of nursing interventions required to assist
clients to obtain optimal health. The health belief model (HBM)
evolved from the premise that the world of the perceiver determines
action. Milio's framework for prevention (1976) provides a
complement to the HBM and a mechanism for directing attention
upstream and examining opportunities for nursing intervention at
the population level. Critical social theory uses societal awareness to
expose social inequalities that keep people from reaching their full
potential.
◉ A community health nurse explores a group of teenagers' beliefs
about the seriousness of eating disorders and their related
susceptibility. The nurse is applying principles from which theory?
A. Orem's self-care deficit theory
B. The health belief model
C. Milio's framework
D. Critical social theory
Answer: B. The health belief model
-The health belief model (HBM) offers indicators of the perceived
seriousness, perceived susceptibility, and cues to action related to
specific health behaviors. Orem's self-care deficit theory is based on
individual self-care needs and explains the level of nursing
interventions required to assist clients to obtain optimal health.
Milio's framework for prevention (1976) provides a complement to
, the HBM and a mechanism for directing attention upstream and
examining opportunities for nursing intervention at the population
level. Critical social theory uses societal awareness to expose social
inequalities that keep people from reaching their full potential.
◉ A major limitation of the health belief model is that the burden of
action related to health behaviors is exclusively on the aggregate.
A. True
B. False
Answer: B. False
-A major limitation of the health belief model is that the burden of
responsibility for health behaviors is on the individual client.
◉ The belief that health deficits result from an imbalance between
the population's health needs and its health-sustaining resources is
the premise of which theory?
A. Orem's self-care deficit theory
B. The health belief model
C. Milio's framework
D. Critical social theory
Answer: C. Milio's framework
-Milio's theory demonstrates upstream conceptualization of
understanding the community's health needs and resources; this
theory complements the health belief model (HBM). The HBM offers
