Chamberlain NR 507 Advanced Pathophysiology Final
Exam | Latest Update 2026/2027 | 200 Practice
Questions & Verified Answers | Complete Q&A Guide |
A+ Graded
1. A patient presents with fatigue, pallor, and shortness of breath. Laboratory findings reveal microcytic,
hypochromic anemia. Which of the following is the most likely cause?
A) Vitamin B12 deficiency
B) Iron deficiency
C) Folate deficiency
D) Sickle cell disease
Answer: B
Rationale: Iron deficiency anemia is characterized by microcytic (small RBCs) and hypochromic (pale
RBCs) red blood cells due to insufficient iron for hemoglobin synthesis. Vitamin B12 and folate
deficiencies cause macrocytic anemia.
2. A child presents with a "strawberry tongue," fever, and conjunctival injection. Which of the following
is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Scarlet fever
B) Kawasaki disease
C) Measles
D) Rubella
Answer: B
,Rationale: Kawasaki disease is an acute vasculitis of childhood characterized by fever, conjunctival
injection, "strawberry tongue," cervical lymphadenopathy, and erythematous rash. It is the leading
cause of acquired heart disease in children.
3. Which of the following is a classic sign of a Type I hypersensitivity reaction?
A) Contact dermatitis
B) Anaphylaxis
C) Hemolytic anemia
D) Tuberculin skin test reaction
Answer: B
Rationale: Type I hypersensitivity reactions are immediate and mediated by IgE antibodies, leading to
mast cell degranulation and release of histamine and other mediators. Anaphylaxis is a severe,
lifethreatening Type I reaction.
4. A 65yearold patient with a history of smoking presents with a cough, hemoptysis, and weight loss.
Imaging reveals a mass in the right lung. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Pneumonia
B) Tuberculosis
C) Lung cancer
D) Pulmonary embolism
Answer: C
,Rationale: Lung cancer should be suspected in a patient with a history of smoking presenting with
cough, hemoptysis, and weight loss. These are classic signs of malignancy, particularly small cell or
nonsmall cell lung cancer.
5. Which of the following laboratory findings is most consistent with iron deficiency anemia?
A) Elevated ferritin
B) Decreased serum iron and increased total ironbinding capacity (TIBC)
C) Elevated vitamin B12
D) Normal mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
Answer: B
Rationale: Iron deficiency anemia is characterized by decreased serum iron, decreased ferritin, and
increased total ironbinding capacity (TIBC). The MCV is decreased (microcytic).
6. A patient with chronic kidney disease develops bone pain and pathologic fractures. Which of the
following is the most likely underlying cause?
A) Hyperparathyroidism
B) Renal osteodystrophy
C) Osteomalacia
D) Paget's disease
Answer: B
Rationale: Renal osteodystrophy is a bone disease that occurs in patients with chronic kidney disease
due to abnormal calcium and phosphorus metabolism, leading to bone pain and fractures.
, 7. Which of the following is the primary mechanism of cellular injury in ischemia?
A) Free radical formation
B) Hypoxia and ATP depletion
C) Immunemediated damage
D) Genetic mutations
Answer: B
Rationale: Ischemia causes cellular injury primarily through hypoxia and depletion of ATP, leading to
failure of the sodiumpotassium pump, cellular swelling, and ultimately cell death.
8. A patient with a history of alcoholism presents with confusion, ataxia, and ophthalmoplegia. Which of
the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Wernicke encephalopathy
B) Korsakoff syndrome
C) Hepatic encephalopathy
D) Delirium tremens
Answer: A
Rationale: Wernicke encephalopathy is caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, commonly seen in
chronic alcoholics. The classic triad is confusion, ataxia, and ophthalmoplegia.
Exam | Latest Update 2026/2027 | 200 Practice
Questions & Verified Answers | Complete Q&A Guide |
A+ Graded
1. A patient presents with fatigue, pallor, and shortness of breath. Laboratory findings reveal microcytic,
hypochromic anemia. Which of the following is the most likely cause?
A) Vitamin B12 deficiency
B) Iron deficiency
C) Folate deficiency
D) Sickle cell disease
Answer: B
Rationale: Iron deficiency anemia is characterized by microcytic (small RBCs) and hypochromic (pale
RBCs) red blood cells due to insufficient iron for hemoglobin synthesis. Vitamin B12 and folate
deficiencies cause macrocytic anemia.
2. A child presents with a "strawberry tongue," fever, and conjunctival injection. Which of the following
is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Scarlet fever
B) Kawasaki disease
C) Measles
D) Rubella
Answer: B
,Rationale: Kawasaki disease is an acute vasculitis of childhood characterized by fever, conjunctival
injection, "strawberry tongue," cervical lymphadenopathy, and erythematous rash. It is the leading
cause of acquired heart disease in children.
3. Which of the following is a classic sign of a Type I hypersensitivity reaction?
A) Contact dermatitis
B) Anaphylaxis
C) Hemolytic anemia
D) Tuberculin skin test reaction
Answer: B
Rationale: Type I hypersensitivity reactions are immediate and mediated by IgE antibodies, leading to
mast cell degranulation and release of histamine and other mediators. Anaphylaxis is a severe,
lifethreatening Type I reaction.
4. A 65yearold patient with a history of smoking presents with a cough, hemoptysis, and weight loss.
Imaging reveals a mass in the right lung. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Pneumonia
B) Tuberculosis
C) Lung cancer
D) Pulmonary embolism
Answer: C
,Rationale: Lung cancer should be suspected in a patient with a history of smoking presenting with
cough, hemoptysis, and weight loss. These are classic signs of malignancy, particularly small cell or
nonsmall cell lung cancer.
5. Which of the following laboratory findings is most consistent with iron deficiency anemia?
A) Elevated ferritin
B) Decreased serum iron and increased total ironbinding capacity (TIBC)
C) Elevated vitamin B12
D) Normal mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
Answer: B
Rationale: Iron deficiency anemia is characterized by decreased serum iron, decreased ferritin, and
increased total ironbinding capacity (TIBC). The MCV is decreased (microcytic).
6. A patient with chronic kidney disease develops bone pain and pathologic fractures. Which of the
following is the most likely underlying cause?
A) Hyperparathyroidism
B) Renal osteodystrophy
C) Osteomalacia
D) Paget's disease
Answer: B
Rationale: Renal osteodystrophy is a bone disease that occurs in patients with chronic kidney disease
due to abnormal calcium and phosphorus metabolism, leading to bone pain and fractures.
, 7. Which of the following is the primary mechanism of cellular injury in ischemia?
A) Free radical formation
B) Hypoxia and ATP depletion
C) Immunemediated damage
D) Genetic mutations
Answer: B
Rationale: Ischemia causes cellular injury primarily through hypoxia and depletion of ATP, leading to
failure of the sodiumpotassium pump, cellular swelling, and ultimately cell death.
8. A patient with a history of alcoholism presents with confusion, ataxia, and ophthalmoplegia. Which of
the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Wernicke encephalopathy
B) Korsakoff syndrome
C) Hepatic encephalopathy
D) Delirium tremens
Answer: A
Rationale: Wernicke encephalopathy is caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, commonly seen in
chronic alcoholics. The classic triad is confusion, ataxia, and ophthalmoplegia.
