COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE TO CARDIAC, PULMONARY, AND
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH| FROM QUESTION TO
PERFECTION| STUDY WITH CONFIDENCE!
Course Code:
Course Title:
Programme:
Academic Year: 2026/2027
Duration: 2 Hours
Total Marks: 70%
Candidate Instructions:
1) Write your Registration Number on every answer booklet used.
2) Answer ALL questions in Section A and ANY TWO (2) questions in Section B.
3) Read each question carefully before answering.
4) Begin each question on a new page.
5) The marks for each question are indicated in brackets.
6) This paper consists of several printed pages, including this page.
7) Ensure your copy is complete before the examination begins.
8) Unauthorized materials and communication with other candidates are not permitted.
Turn Over.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
1
, What does the P wave represent in an ECG waveform? Answer: Atrial depolarization
What does the QRS complex indicate in an ECG waveform? Answer: Ventricular
depolarization
What does the T wave signify in an ECG waveform? Answer: Ventricular repolarization
Name two types of arrhythmias. Answer: Atrial arrhythmias (e.g., atrial flutter, atrial
fibrillation) and ventricular arrhythmias (e.g., ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation)
What is the purpose of defibrillation? Answer: To restore normal heart rhythm in pulseless
clients with V-fib or pulseless V-tach
What should be done immediately after an unsuccessful defibrillation shock? Answer:
Administer epinephrine as soon as possible, then repeat every 3-5 minutes
What is the difference between defibrillation and cardioversion? Answer: Defibrillation is used
for pulseless rhythms with unsynchronized current delivery, while cardioversion is used for
patients with a pulse and synchronized with the R wave.
What are the indications for using a pacemaker? Answer: Symptomatic bradycardia, AV block,
or ventricular conduction disorders
What should patients with a pacemaker avoid? Answer: High-output electrical generators,
raising the affected arm above shoulder level for one week, and strong electromagnetic fields
like MRI machines
What are common post-operative complications of pacemaker use? Answer: Infection,
bleeding, lead dislocation, phrenic nerve stimulation, cardiac tamponade, and pacemaker
malfunction
What does an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) do? Answer: Detects and terminates
life-threatening tachycardia or fibrillation
What are the signs of diminished cardiac output? Answer: Syncope, lightheadedness, dizziness,
decreased blood pressure, jugular venous distention, pale cool skin, fatigue, chest discomfort,
and palpitations
What triggers angina pectoris? Answer: Insufficient coronary blood flow, often due to
atherosclerosis, triggered by exertion, stress, or increased cardiac workload
What distinguishes stable angina from unstable angina? Answer: Stable angina is predictable
and relieved by rest or nitroglycerin, while unstable angina has increasing frequency/severity
and may not be relieved by rest or nitro.
What is the key diagnostic indicator of a myocardial infarction (MI)? Answer: ST-segment
elevation in two contiguous leads on an ECG
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
2
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH| FROM QUESTION TO
PERFECTION| STUDY WITH CONFIDENCE!
Course Code:
Course Title:
Programme:
Academic Year: 2026/2027
Duration: 2 Hours
Total Marks: 70%
Candidate Instructions:
1) Write your Registration Number on every answer booklet used.
2) Answer ALL questions in Section A and ANY TWO (2) questions in Section B.
3) Read each question carefully before answering.
4) Begin each question on a new page.
5) The marks for each question are indicated in brackets.
6) This paper consists of several printed pages, including this page.
7) Ensure your copy is complete before the examination begins.
8) Unauthorized materials and communication with other candidates are not permitted.
Turn Over.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
1
, What does the P wave represent in an ECG waveform? Answer: Atrial depolarization
What does the QRS complex indicate in an ECG waveform? Answer: Ventricular
depolarization
What does the T wave signify in an ECG waveform? Answer: Ventricular repolarization
Name two types of arrhythmias. Answer: Atrial arrhythmias (e.g., atrial flutter, atrial
fibrillation) and ventricular arrhythmias (e.g., ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation)
What is the purpose of defibrillation? Answer: To restore normal heart rhythm in pulseless
clients with V-fib or pulseless V-tach
What should be done immediately after an unsuccessful defibrillation shock? Answer:
Administer epinephrine as soon as possible, then repeat every 3-5 minutes
What is the difference between defibrillation and cardioversion? Answer: Defibrillation is used
for pulseless rhythms with unsynchronized current delivery, while cardioversion is used for
patients with a pulse and synchronized with the R wave.
What are the indications for using a pacemaker? Answer: Symptomatic bradycardia, AV block,
or ventricular conduction disorders
What should patients with a pacemaker avoid? Answer: High-output electrical generators,
raising the affected arm above shoulder level for one week, and strong electromagnetic fields
like MRI machines
What are common post-operative complications of pacemaker use? Answer: Infection,
bleeding, lead dislocation, phrenic nerve stimulation, cardiac tamponade, and pacemaker
malfunction
What does an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) do? Answer: Detects and terminates
life-threatening tachycardia or fibrillation
What are the signs of diminished cardiac output? Answer: Syncope, lightheadedness, dizziness,
decreased blood pressure, jugular venous distention, pale cool skin, fatigue, chest discomfort,
and palpitations
What triggers angina pectoris? Answer: Insufficient coronary blood flow, often due to
atherosclerosis, triggered by exertion, stress, or increased cardiac workload
What distinguishes stable angina from unstable angina? Answer: Stable angina is predictable
and relieved by rest or nitroglycerin, while unstable angina has increasing frequency/severity
and may not be relieved by rest or nitro.
What is the key diagnostic indicator of a myocardial infarction (MI)? Answer: ST-segment
elevation in two contiguous leads on an ECG
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
2
