Pathophysiology
Comprehensive Resource To Help You Ace 2026-2027 Exams
Includes Frequently Tested Questions With ELABORATED
100% Correct COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
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1. What is atrophy and what causes it? - Correct Answer: Atrophy is a
decrease in the size of an organ or tissue resulting from a decrease in the
mass of pre-existing cells. It is typically caused by disuse, nutritional or
oxygen deprivation, diminished endocrine stimulation, aging, and
denervation (lack of nerve stimulation in peripheral muscles caused by
injury to motor nerves). Example: a bedridden patient.
2. What is the latency period? - Correct
Answer: The period when a disease is present but has not yet produced
symptoms.
3. What is the incubation period? - Correct Answer: The interval between
initial infection and the first signs and symptoms.
4. What is hypertrophy? - Correct Answer: An increase in cell size.
Example: muscle enlargement in a bodybuilder.
5. What is hyperplasia? - Correct Answer: An increase in the number of
cells. Example: keloid scarring caused by overproduction of cells.
,6. What is metaplasia? - Correct Answer: The replacement of one mature
cell type with a different mature cell type. Example: changes associated
with GERD.
7. What is apoptosis? - Correct Answer: Programmed cell death.
8. What is acidosis? - Correct Answer: Excessive acidity of body fluids with
a pH below 7.35.
9. What is alkalosis? - Correct Answer: A blood pH above 7.45.
10.What is intracellular fluid? - Correct Answer: Fluid located within cells.
11.What is extracellular fluid? - Correct Answer: Fluid located outside the
cells.
12.What is intravascular fluid? - Correct Answer: Fluid located within
blood vessels.
13.What is interstitial fluid? - Correct Answer: Fluid located between cells.
Example: fluid accumulation associated with edema.
14.What is edema? - Correct Answer: Puffy swelling of tissue caused by
accumulation of fluid, which can occur with low albumin levels.
15.What is osmosis? - Correct Answer: The diffusion of water through a
selectively permeable membrane.
,16.What is diffusion? - Correct Answer: The movement of molecules from
an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
17.Thirst is a late sign of what condition? - Correct Answer: Dehydration.
18.What controls the thirst mechanism? - Correct Answer: Osmoreceptors
in the hypothalamus.
19.What is antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? - Correct Answer: A hormone
produced by neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus that stimulates
water reabsorption from kidney tubule cells into the blood and causes
vasoconstriction of arterioles.
20.What is active transport? - Correct Answer: An energy-requiring
process that moves material across a cell membrane against a
concentration difference using ATP.
21.How can kidney disease affect protein synthesis and nutritional status? -
Correct Answer: Kidney disease can impair protein-related processes
and may be associated with malnutrition and malabsorption; liver disease
can also impair protein synthesis.
22.In which patients does albumin (Alb) drop very quickly? - Correct
Answer: Burn patients.
23.What is capillary permeability? - Correct Answer: The ability of
substances to diffuse through capillary walls into the tissue spaces.
, 24.What are the signs and symptoms of dehydration? - Correct Answer:
Dry mucous membranes, decreased skin turgor, low blood pressure, low
pulse, fatigue, increased hematocrit (HCT), decreased mental function,
confusion, and loss of consciousness.
25.What is the proper urine output? - Correct Answer: Approximately 30
cc (mL) per hour.
26.What condition results from dehydration? - Correct Answer:
Hypovolemia.
27.What is the normal sodium electrolyte balance? - Correct Answer:
135–145 mEq/L.
28.What is the normal potassium electrolyte balance? - Correct Answer:
3.5–5.0 mEq/L.
29.How is sodium balance maintained? - Correct Answer: It is maintained
primarily by the kidneys; sodium travels freely in the blood, and generally,
sodium ingestion equals sodium excretion.
30.What are the symptoms of hyponatremia? - Correct Answer: Rapid
pulse, weakness, lethargy, headache, polyuria, decreased urine specific
gravity, dry skin/mucous membranes, and oliguria. Oliguria means small
urine production.
Symptoms of hypernatremia - Correct Answer: neurological symptoms
(tremors, irritability, ataxia, confusion, and coma)
Comprehensive Resource To Help You Ace 2026-2027 Exams
Includes Frequently Tested Questions With ELABORATED
100% Correct COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Guaranteed Pass First Attempt!! Current Update!!
Instant Download Pdf!!
1. What is atrophy and what causes it? - Correct Answer: Atrophy is a
decrease in the size of an organ or tissue resulting from a decrease in the
mass of pre-existing cells. It is typically caused by disuse, nutritional or
oxygen deprivation, diminished endocrine stimulation, aging, and
denervation (lack of nerve stimulation in peripheral muscles caused by
injury to motor nerves). Example: a bedridden patient.
2. What is the latency period? - Correct
Answer: The period when a disease is present but has not yet produced
symptoms.
3. What is the incubation period? - Correct Answer: The interval between
initial infection and the first signs and symptoms.
4. What is hypertrophy? - Correct Answer: An increase in cell size.
Example: muscle enlargement in a bodybuilder.
5. What is hyperplasia? - Correct Answer: An increase in the number of
cells. Example: keloid scarring caused by overproduction of cells.
,6. What is metaplasia? - Correct Answer: The replacement of one mature
cell type with a different mature cell type. Example: changes associated
with GERD.
7. What is apoptosis? - Correct Answer: Programmed cell death.
8. What is acidosis? - Correct Answer: Excessive acidity of body fluids with
a pH below 7.35.
9. What is alkalosis? - Correct Answer: A blood pH above 7.45.
10.What is intracellular fluid? - Correct Answer: Fluid located within cells.
11.What is extracellular fluid? - Correct Answer: Fluid located outside the
cells.
12.What is intravascular fluid? - Correct Answer: Fluid located within
blood vessels.
13.What is interstitial fluid? - Correct Answer: Fluid located between cells.
Example: fluid accumulation associated with edema.
14.What is edema? - Correct Answer: Puffy swelling of tissue caused by
accumulation of fluid, which can occur with low albumin levels.
15.What is osmosis? - Correct Answer: The diffusion of water through a
selectively permeable membrane.
,16.What is diffusion? - Correct Answer: The movement of molecules from
an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
17.Thirst is a late sign of what condition? - Correct Answer: Dehydration.
18.What controls the thirst mechanism? - Correct Answer: Osmoreceptors
in the hypothalamus.
19.What is antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? - Correct Answer: A hormone
produced by neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus that stimulates
water reabsorption from kidney tubule cells into the blood and causes
vasoconstriction of arterioles.
20.What is active transport? - Correct Answer: An energy-requiring
process that moves material across a cell membrane against a
concentration difference using ATP.
21.How can kidney disease affect protein synthesis and nutritional status? -
Correct Answer: Kidney disease can impair protein-related processes
and may be associated with malnutrition and malabsorption; liver disease
can also impair protein synthesis.
22.In which patients does albumin (Alb) drop very quickly? - Correct
Answer: Burn patients.
23.What is capillary permeability? - Correct Answer: The ability of
substances to diffuse through capillary walls into the tissue spaces.
, 24.What are the signs and symptoms of dehydration? - Correct Answer:
Dry mucous membranes, decreased skin turgor, low blood pressure, low
pulse, fatigue, increased hematocrit (HCT), decreased mental function,
confusion, and loss of consciousness.
25.What is the proper urine output? - Correct Answer: Approximately 30
cc (mL) per hour.
26.What condition results from dehydration? - Correct Answer:
Hypovolemia.
27.What is the normal sodium electrolyte balance? - Correct Answer:
135–145 mEq/L.
28.What is the normal potassium electrolyte balance? - Correct Answer:
3.5–5.0 mEq/L.
29.How is sodium balance maintained? - Correct Answer: It is maintained
primarily by the kidneys; sodium travels freely in the blood, and generally,
sodium ingestion equals sodium excretion.
30.What are the symptoms of hyponatremia? - Correct Answer: Rapid
pulse, weakness, lethargy, headache, polyuria, decreased urine specific
gravity, dry skin/mucous membranes, and oliguria. Oliguria means small
urine production.
Symptoms of hypernatremia - Correct Answer: neurological symptoms
(tremors, irritability, ataxia, confusion, and coma)
